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Sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer
Published in Charles F. Levenback, Ate G.J. van der Zee, Robert L. Coleman, Clinical Lymphatic Mapping in Gynecologic Cancers, 2022
Angelena Crown, Mary L. Gemignani
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a noninvasive lesion characterized by solid proliferation of small cells with round to oval nuclei and distention of the terminal duct–lobular units. It is a marker for increased breast cancer risk in either breast and is associated with a 2% annual incidence of breast cancer (Figure 12.2).3
Breast Cancer: Surgical Perspectives
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Patricia J. Eubanks, Hernan I. Vargas, Stanley R. Klein
LCIS should be viewed as a marker for increased risk of breast cancer and not as an indication for surgical intervention. LCIS is a proliferative breast lesion that can be present in both breasts diffusely. The finding of LCIS carries an increased risk for subsequent development of infiltrating breast cancer in both breasts of seven to nine times the general population risk [92]. LCIS is viewed as a marker of increased risk and warrants close patient surveillance (biannual clinical exam and annual mammography), rather than prophylactic mastectomy [93].
Breast Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Amy Case, Gwenllian Edwards, Catherine Pembroke
LCIS, a non-invasive lesion arising from the lobules and terminal ducts of the breast, is not identified by mammography or by clinical examination but detected as an incidental finding on breast biopsies performed for other reasons. It is predominantly found in premenopausal women and is typically multicentric in the breast and often (35%) bilateral. LCIS has long been regarded as an indicator of elevated cancer risk rather than as a pre-malignant condition in its own right, but new data challenge this model. It is associated with an approximately 30% lifetime risk of developing invasive carcinoma, usually ductal and usually (>60%) in the ipsilateral breast.
Assessment and management of B3 breast lesions with atypia: a focused review
Published in Climacteric, 2020
M. U. Ugurlu, T. Yoldemir, B. M. Gulluoglu
The diagnosis of LCIS is made when more than 50% of the acini of a lobular unit is distended and distorted by non-cohesive cells with small, uniform nuclei. It is quite an uncommon finding and the true incidence is unknown. In most instances, LCIS is not identified clinically, mammographically, or by gross pathologic examination. When it was first reported by Foote and Stewart in 1941, LCIS was hypothesized to be a precursor lesion to invasive cancer and mastectomy was recommended41. Later data showed that the risk of invasive cancer development is 1% per year and the risk is present bilaterally. The probability of developing in situ or invasive cancer 10, 20, and 35 years after the diagnosis of LCIS was reported to be 13%, 26%, and 35%, respectively32,42,43. LCIS is considered a risk factor for breast cancer rather than a precursor lesion. In patients with a history of LCIS, the majority of subsequent cancers have ductal histology (49%), but invasive lobular cancers occur at a higher frequency (23.1%) than in the general population (6.5%)44. LCIS is multicentric in 60–80% of patients and bilateral in 20–60%45,46.
Increasing importance of breast cancer in Nepal
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ajnish Ghimire, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Based on site, breast cancer can be noninvasive as well as invasive. Noninvasive cancer cells are limited to ducts and are unable to invade the surrounding connective tissues. The most usual form of noninvasive breast cancer is based on ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) which accounts for 90% of all cases. Whereas lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is used as a marker and is rare to detect breast cancer risk [19]. Invasive cancer as opposed to noninvasive headway from the duct to the lobular wall and invade the connective tissues of the breast. Even without metastatic division of cancer cells to other organs, it can be invasive [20].
Protein biomarkers for subtyping breast cancer and implications for future research
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Claudius Mueller, Amanda Haymond, Justin B. Davis, Alexa Williams, Virginia Espina
Breast cancer is classified into subtypes to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment escalation/de-escalation options. Breast cancer subtype designations are based on clinical data, proteomic and genomic characteristics, and histomorphology. Subtype designations are clinically useful because breast cancer exhibits intra- and inter-patient tumor heterogeneity. Heterogeneity manifests itself in several biologically important forms: as variation in the proportion of cellular components within the tumor microenvironment, as spatial and temporal differences in biomarker expression, as tumor clonal populations, and as patient clinical variables (age, race, lymph node, and menopausal status). Heterogeneity is the underlying reason that breast cancers possess different clinical behaviors and biological functions [1–4,36]. Based on histomorphology and growth patterns alone, 21 histological types of breast cancer have been defined by the World Health Organization [3]. Two broad categories of breast cancer are in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ are differentiated by growth patterns and cytological features, and DCIS is further characterized by tumor architecture [4]. Invasive carcinoma histological subtypes are designated by their architecture, secretion (mucinous/colloid), or structural form (medullary, tubular, papillary) [2,3]. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) is classified into tumor grades (well, moderately, or poorly differentiated) based on mitotic index, tubule formation, and nuclear polymorphisms, further aiding prognosis [4]. IDC accounts for 70–80% of female invasive breast tumors and represents the majority of breast cancer cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) [5–7] and the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) cohorts [8,9]. Other rare subtypes exist which are reviewed elsewhere [3,10].