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The Twentieth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
Among the factors that have contributed to surgical progress are the contributions of bacteriology and pathology toward more precise diagnosis and prognosis, and indications of the proper moment for surgical intervention and subsequent treatment. “Clinical pathology” has developed a separate specialty to furnish the clinician with information about biopsy material and the morphology, bacteriology, physics, and chemistry of the body fluids and excretions, important factors that often determine the management of a given case. The technique of X-ray examinations has been so developed that it is now diagnostically decisive in many surgical conditions. Biopsy, the removal and examination of tissues for diagnosis during life, has become a constant aid to the careful surgeon, especially when cancer is suspected.
Principles of Clinical Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Niraj K. Tripathi, Jacqueline M. Tarrant
Clinical pathology is a standard element of nonclinical safety assessment studies and typically consists of routine hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis tests. Test results provide a broad screen of important tissues and organ systems, metabolic functions, and pathophysiologic responses. Test article–related effects on these results help identify target organs, establish dose responses, corroborate other study findings, assess severity of toxic effects, and quantify certain pharmacodynamic effects. Clinical pathology findings also serve to meet regulatory needs and, most importantly, provide clinicians with important monitoring information prior to clinical trials.
Pathology services
Published in Christopher Riley, Morton Warner, Carolyn Semple Piggot, Amanda Pullen, John Wyn Owen, Releasing Resources to Achieve Health Gain, 2018
This philosophy conflicts with the view that laboratory testing is simply about producing analytical data5. Apart from the enormous increase in the number of laboratory data produced, it is as possible to misinterpret the result and treat the patient wrongly, as to get it right. Clinical pathology is the specialty that is concerned with interpretation of laboratory data.
Device safety assessment of bronchoscopic microwave ablation of normal swine peripheral lung using robotic-assisted bronchoscopy
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Hector De Leon, Kevin Royalty, Louie Mingione, David Jaekel, Sarvesh Periyasamy, David Wilson, Paul Laeseke, William C. Stoffregen, Tim Muench, John P. Matonick, Grzegorz L. Kaluza, Gustavo Cipolla
One animal of the 3-Day group (ID:7) exhibited cough on post-procedural day 1, and a 30-Day swine (ID:13) had a single episode of dry cough during recovery from sedation for blood collection at day 3 (Table 1). Both animals recovered the same day without therapy. Another 30-Day animal (ID: 15) had recurrent episodes of coughing and abnormal respiratory sounds that started 6 days after ablation. Clinical and hematologic evaluations were consistent with a lower respiratory tract infection. Antimicrobial therapy (tulathromycin) was initiated 6 days after ablation for this animal with the resolution of all clinical signs two weeks later (Table 1). Clinical Pathology. No alterations of the complete blood count (CBC) or serum clinical chemistry panel were found in any swine included in the study, except for leukocytosis and mild neutrophilia in a 30-Day swine (ID: 15). Deviations from reference intervals in the rest of swine were consistent with minor changes in individual animals and had no clinical impact. RAB MWA had no effect on gas exchange/ventilation as shown in results from blood gas analyses performed on ablation/treatment day and at termination day.
Lean and Six Sigma as continuous quality improvement frameworks in the clinical diagnostic laboratory
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
Vinita Thakur, Olatunji Anthony Akerele, Edward Randell
The clinical pathology laboratory encompasses such laboratory divisions as coagulation, hematology, blood gas analysis, clinical chemistry and immunoassay, molecular diagnostics, and, in many cases, microbiology and point of care testing, that share the common focus of analyzing constituents of body fluids. As in all areas of laboratory medicine, processes are commonly understood to include the total testing process and are divided into the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases. While some studies clearly impact one phase, many involve interventions that impact more than one phase of the testing process. Discussion of CPI strategies in clinical pathology laboratories is organized based on those targeting the pre-analytical phase, the post-analytical phase and more than one testing process phase (the analytical phase).
Distinguishing reference intervals and clinical decision limits – A review by the IFCC Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Yesim Ozarda, Ken Sikaris, Thomas Streichert, Joseph Macri
The first question (“Is the patient healthy or not healthy?”) relates to reference intervals (RIs) that describe the typical distribution of results seen in an apparently healthy reference population [1]. In the traditional approach to establishing RIs, termed the “direct” approach, the RI is typically defined as the interval between the two reference limits (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) derived from the distribution of results obtained from a sample of the reference population [2]. Historically such ranges have been called “normal ranges” [3], but this term has long been considered to be ambiguous [4] and subject to misuse [5] and is now formally avoided by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) [2] and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [6]. About 30 years ago, the IFCC published a series of six articles to clarify this concept [7–12], and over the last decade, the IFCC’s Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) has focused on direct common RIs; it has developed guidelines on conducting such studies and has conducted multicenter studies to derive common RIs at a national level [13–15]. An alternative approach is to perform data-mining of results that have been generated as part of routine clinical pathology testing and then to use appropriate statistical techniques to determine the underlying RIs. This is considered the “indirect” approach [16].