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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Haematology is the study of blood and the diseases that affect it. It covers a broad spectrum of conditions from inherited disorders such as the haemoglobinopathy to aggressive malignancies such as acute leukaemia. Haematologists are heavily involved in the diagnostic process and in many countries have dual qualifications in clinical medicine and pathological sciences. With the advent of the ‘genomic era’, haematology has made huge strides forward in our understanding of disease processes and new therapeutic approaches. Haematology can seem impossibly complicated initially, but a basic understanding of how blood and its different components (cells and molecules) function and interact will give any inquisitive student the keys to a fascinating, varied specialty that is at the cutting edge of modern medicine and advanced therapeutics including gene therapy.
Pathophysiology and Clinical Evaluation of the Patient with Acute Heart Failure
Published in Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Hal A. Skopicki, Javed Butler, Heart Failure, 2023
Georgios Bakosis, Vasiliki Bistola, Eftyhia Polyzogopoulou, John Parissis
Hematologic parameters (complete blood count) may reveal anemia or underlying infection. Arterial blood gas is particularly helpful to assess respiratory or metabolic acidosis in cases with persistent respiratory distress,52 although serum lactate is considered to be a good prognosticator of outcome in shock.53 D-dimer testing is indicated in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism.
Granulomatous Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Albert Alhatem, Robert A. Schwartz, Muriel W. Lambert, W. Clark Lambert
Laboratory studies: Complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear, prothrombin time (PT) with an international normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) can help establish the diagnosis of any underlying conditions. The CBC identifies abnormalities in different hematologic cell components, including platelet number and presence of anemia or leukopenia, and provides evidence for intravascular hemolysis. The PT evaluates the extrinsic clotting pathway (factors VII, IX, II, X, V, and fibrinogen), and aPTT assesses the intrinsic pathway (factors HWMK, kallikrein, XII, XI, IX, VIII, II, X, V, and fibrinogen).
Biochemical and histopathological analysis after sub-chronic administration of oxyresveratrol in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Nisat Alam, Hasina Najnin, Maidul Islam, Sonam Shakya, Ishaat M. Khan, Rana Zaidi
After overnight fasting, animals were anesthetized with ketamine (75 mg/kg B.W. i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg B.W. i.p.) followed by collection of blood from retro-orbital plexus. EDTA-coated tubes were used for hematological analysis. Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), total and differential counts of white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT) were assayed on the automatic hematology analyzer (Sysmex Xn350, Germany). Commercially available glucometer and strips (Accu-chek, India) were used for blood glucose (GLU) estimation. Blood was collected in tubes without anticoagulant for other biochemical estimations and allowed to clot before centrifugation (4000 rpm for 10 min), to obtain the serum. Urea (UREA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (CHOL), creatinine (CRE), triglycerides (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total protein (TP) assessment were performed using Estimation kits (Agappe Company, India). Levels of serum Na+ and K+ were measured with an automatic electrolyte analyzer (Smartlyte Electrolyte Analyzer, U.S.A.).
Diagnosis of α0-thalassemia Chiang Rai (‐‐CR) deletion by melt curve analysis in Northern Thailand
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Chedtapak Ruengdit, Pinyaphat Khamphikham, Manoo Punyamung, Panida Pongpunyayuen, Sakorn Pornprasert
During October 2019 to September 2020, in total 4,952 EDTA blood samples were collected at private and public hospitals located in northern Thailand. A complete blood count (CBC) was analyzed using an automated blood analyzer at a hematology laboratory in the hospital within three hours of sample collection. The CBC results were sent together with blood samples to the Thalassemia Laboratory, Clinical Service Center, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, for routine thalassemia diagnosis. Hemoglobin analysis was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CAPILLARYS™ 2, Sebia, Lisses, France). DNA was extracted by the Chelex method, as previously described [13]. Real-time gap PCR and melt curve analysis for common deletional α0-thalassemia --SEA and --THAI detection was performed as previously described [10]. Among 4,952, only the samples with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 80 fL, HbA2 levels less than 3.5%, HbA2+E levels less than 25%, and negative for both --SEA and --THAI were further investigated for the α0-thalassemia --CR deletion using the developed real-time gap PCR followed by melt curve analysis.
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with exuberant plasmacytosis and spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Hafsa Faisal, Syed Ather Hussain, Rachel David, Stephen Silver
Hematology was consulted for concerns of leukemia. A peripheral smear with differential revealed 40% plasma cells (Figure 1a). Serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis revealed an IgG kappa monoclonal band. Kappa free light chains and lambda free light chains were elevated at 37.4 mg/dL and 29.6 mg/dL, respectively; however, the kappa to lambda ratio was normal at 1.26. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood revealed polyclonal plasmacytosis with cells co-expressing CD38 (bright), CD23 (dim, subset), and CD19. Subsequently, a bone marrow biopsy revealed reactive plasmacytosis but no malignancy (Figure 1b). Noncontrast whole-body computed tomography revealed diffuse adenopathy. Thereafter, the patient underwent excisional cervical lymph node biopsy (Figure 1c). Immunohistochemical staining on the node sample was positive for PD-1, BCL-6, CD4, CD30, and Epstein-Barr encoding region (Figure 1d).