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Neurology
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
The brain is divided into two halves. The cerebral cortex in each half is responsible for motor and sensory function on the opposite side of the body. It sits astride a central, deeply-placed portion of the brain known as the brain stem which, apart from acting as a conduit for the long nerve fibre tracts that pass to and from the spine, also contains a number of important nuclei (nerve relay stations). The cortex is divided into four lobes (on each side): frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. The motor cortex, controlling movement, lies at the back of the frontal lobe and, immediately behind it, in front of the parietal lobe, lies the sensory section of the cortex, which is important in the perception of sensation. The primary visual area is at the back of the brain, in the occipital cortex. Speech is in the left hemisphere in right-handed people and half the left-handed population. The frontal lobe has important functions in behaviour and important cognitive ‘executive’ functions (Figure 14.1). The corollary is that focal damage to the brain often produces easily recognizable clinical syndromes.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
In addition to the various direct neurological alterations brought about by the lesion of the function and structural system, specific symptoms may be associated with the involvement of focal regions of the cerebral hemispheres (Figure 1). Damage to the frontal lobe causes changes in mood and careless behaviour; parietal lobe damage produces inability to formulate ideas or to carry out actions through the transmission of the motor pathways. This may be associated with sensory inattention. These defects may be due to a hemisphere damage or to localized impairment of biochemical processes. Temporal lobe involvement is often linked with seizures; extensive bilateral changes lead to pronounced memory disturbances. Lesions of the occipital lobe cause vision defects and bring about hallucinations. Diffuse degenerative conditions involving central regions can be associated with generalized hyperreflexia and dysarthria. Lesions of the hypothalamus and pituitary may produce endocrine diseases. Besides these important interrelationships and generalized effects, only some specialized aspects of brain metabolism, which are peculiar to the nervous system, will be discussed in this chapter. Particularly, the role of neurotransmitters, certain amino acids, and neuropeptides will be emphasized.256,334,340,346,450,451,520,598,602,616 This information is essential for the basic understanding of the interplay of biochemical and associated pathological alterations that underlie the clinical manifestations of neurological disease processes.
Alex at the Oliver Zangwill Centre
Published in Alex Jelly, Adel Helmy, Barbara A. Wilson, Life After a Rare Brain Tumour and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome, 2019
Alex sustained damage to both frontal lobes during the surgery. The frontal lobes are responsible for planning, organisation, problem solving, selective attention, personality, behaviour and emotions. The anterior part of the frontal lobe, the prefrontal cortex, has an important role in higher cognitive functions and personality. The posterior area of the frontal lobe consists of pre-motor and motor areas. It controls the movement on the opposite side of the body, predominantly via the pre-central gyrus (Wilson, Dhamapurker & Rose, 2016). The lower region of the frontal lobe immediately in front of the pre-central gyrus controls the expression of speech. Damage to both frontal lobes may produce an alteration in personality, a loss of normal inhibitions and incontinence. Alex had many of these problems as can be seen from the various reports in Chapter 12. Indeed, she was diagnosed with Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) Syndrome, a syndrome associated with damage to the frontal lobes.
Assessing lesion location, visual midline perception and proprioception may assist outcome predictions for people affected by lateropulsion
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Unlike the vestibular and proprioceptive systems, inputs from the eyes do not reach the medulla or pons. Instead, visual inputs travel via the optic tract mostly to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and from there to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe [9]. From the primary visual cortex, visual inputs undergo multimodal processing in the dorsal (for spatial location) and ventral (for object recognition) streams [9]. Of particular interest is the dorsal stream which terminates in the inferior parietal lobe, the cortical destination of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Due to the segregation of the visual system, the inferior parietal lobe is the only cerebral cortex where sensory integration of inputs from all three modalities takes place. In addition, the non-dominant inferior parietal lobe plays a pivotal role in multimodal sensory processing related to spatial location, thus it may be a key cortical region to consider in relation to lateropulsion.
A preliminary study of atypical cortical change ability of dynamic whole-brain functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
The frontal lobe is responsible for a number of higher-order cognitive functions, involving planning, decision making, abstraction, etc. Hence, the frontal lobe is a primary candidate for dysfunction in many neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. One function of the frontal lobe is cognitive control, or the coordination of goal-directed thoughts and actions. In conjunction with previous studies, serotonin acts as a neurotrophic factor early in the life and modulates axonal arborization [69]. Decreased serotonin synthesis capacity in the frontal cortex and abnormal developmental trajectories for whole-brain serotonin synthesis were observed in ASD patients [70]. Certain cognitive and behavioral deficits suggest that the frontal lobe functions abnormally in ASD patients. The abnormal GMV of frontal lobe cortex was discovered in ASD patients by MRI analysis [71]. As white matter organization abnormalities, abnormal frontal fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient was reported in ASD patients [72]. Genetic variation at CNTNAP2 predisposes to diseases such as ASD in part through modulation of frontal lobe connectivity [73].
What Forms of Media Do We Need for Preventing Child Sexual Abuse? A Qualitative Study in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2021
Vivian Nanny Lia Dewi, Mei Neni Sitaresmi, Fatwa Sari Tetra Dewi
Picture books can also be used as an attractive learning media for young children. Images as illustrations make the story feel more alive and more communicative, stimulating children to use their imagination and develop other abilities (Deiniatur, 2017). Furthermore, learning with picture storybooks read by parents and teachers can activate the frontal lobes of a child’s brain. The frontal lobe is involved in executive function, attention, memory, social–emotional processing, and language (Ohgi et al., 2009). One such picture book is Jun and the Octopus, a storybook on CSA prevention (Kheng, 2019). It tells about a boy who faces his fears and finds the courage to tells his parents about an incident of sexual harassment. It can help children to know what events constitute CSA and what steps to take if they were to experience such victimization.