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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Aarthy K. Uthayakumar, Christopher B. Bunker
HIV and neoplasms: HIV patients are found to have a 2-fold increased risk for skin cancer.3 Kaposi sarcoma, caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), can be disseminated in the context of HIV or AIDS, with gastrointestinal and pulmonary involvement. Cutaneous lesions can involve the oral mucosa and genitals (Figure 27.10). Localized treatments include cryotherapy, radio-therapy, topical retinoids, or surgical removal, for example, with curettage and electrodesiccation. Systemic chemotherapy is required for advanced stage Kaposi sarcoma. With the introduction of ARV, the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma has declined; however, non-AIDS-defining cancers, of which skin cancer is the most common, are increasing. Actinic keratoses are extremely common, and both basal cell cancer (BCC) and squamous cell cancer (SCC) may present at younger ages and with an atypical appearance. Melanoma may be more common and more dangerous in HIV.
Descriptive Statistics
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Every study or experiment yields a set of data. Its size can range from a few measurements to many millions of observations. A complete set of data, however, will not necessarily provide an investigator with information that can be easily interpreted. For example, Table 2.1 lists the first 2560 cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [39]. Each individual was classified as either suffering from Kaposi sarcoma, designated by a 1, or not suffering from the disease, represented by a 0. (Kaposi sarcoma is a malignant tumor which affects the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes.) Although Table 2.1 displays the entire set of outcomes, it is extremely difficult to characterize the data. We cannot even identify the relative proportions of 0s and 1s. Between the raw data and the reported results of the study lies some intelligent and imaginative manipulation of the numbers carried out using the methods of descriptive statistics.
Skin disorders in AIDS, immunodeficiency, and venereal disease
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Indrashis Podder, Rashmi Sarkar
Depressed delayed hypersensitivity also results in failure of ‘immune surveillance’ and the development and rapid progression of many forms of skin cancer. Viral infection may also be at work in the development of the disorder known as Kaposi’s sarcoma, which mainly accompanies AIDS contracted from homosexual contact. A herpes-type virus is suspected of being responsible for this (HHV-8). Mauve, red, purple, or brown macules, nodules, or plaques may ulcerate and may spread to involve the viscera. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a frequent cause of death in patients with AIDS. Other common skin cancers seen in HIV-positive patients include superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the trunk, SCCs in sun-exposed areas, genital HPV-induced SCC, and extranodal B- and T-cell lymphomas.
Kaposi’s sarcoma management from a plastic surgery perspective
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Selman Taskin, Tugce Yasak, S. Tiber Mentese, Burak Yilmaz, Ozlem Çolak
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumor with five different clinical forms. It is seen as a blue-purple macular or nodular lesion in the clinic. It is known that KS has a good prognosis, and regression is observed in lesions when immunosuppressive treatment is discontinued or when AIDS-related KS cases are treated by anti-retroviral agents. These findings have raised suspicions that KS is a reactive inflammatory process secondary to infection rather than a true tumoral formation (16). Studies on KS cell cultures, however, have supported that the idea that these lesions are true neoplasms. There are three main components in tumor proliferation: inflammation, angiogenesis, and spindle cell proliferation. Red-purple-colored lesions specific to KS are formed as a result of significant angiogenesis. Since pericytes and smooth muscle structures in mature blood vessels are not found in neoplastic vessels of KS lesions, shape change and increased permeability are observed in the vessels. The extravasation of intravascular fluid and cells causes edema and hemorrhage in clinical practice (3,17). A limited number of studies have been focused on the dermoscopic features and dermatopathologic correlations of KS. According to an example of recent studies on that topic, a number of new dermoscopic findings like white lines, collarette sign, serpentine and coiled vessels have been described that correlate with pathology of the KS lesions (18).
Effectiveness of treatment of acquired capillary haemangioma using timolol
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Sahil Agrawal, Sujeeth Modaboyina, Mandeep S Bajaj, Saloni Gupta, Deepsekhar Das
An acquired capillary haemangioma can be easily confused with pyogenic granuloma or an acquired tufted angioma of the eyelids.4 Tenderness, hypertrichosis, and induration are useful signs to clinically differentiate tufted angioma from haemangioma. Other differentials include Kaposi sarcoma, eyelid angiosarcomas and varix. Kaposi sarcoma relates closely with the immune status of the patient and is considered as an auto-immune disease syndrome-defining disease by the World Health Organisation.5 The eyelid involvement has a nodular, elevated appearance and precedes in most cases visceral involvement. Cutaneous angiosarcomas of eyelid are very rare and present as purple coloured maculopapular lesions, suggesting a vascular origin in patients over 55 years of age.6 Varix of eyelid has an associated increase in the size of the lesion with strenuous activity like stooping or Valsalva manoeuvre.7
Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma: an uncommon presentation in HIV heterosexual female on antiretroviral therpay
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Bikash Bhattarai, Jenny Lamichhane, Amrendra Mandal, Praveen Datar, Osama Mukhtar, Oday Alhafidh, Anton Lixon, Danilo Enriquez, Joseph Quist, Frances Schmidt
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is the most common malignancy associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is caused by Human Herpesvirus 8(HHV 8) or Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV). Clinical features of pulmonary KS might be challenging to distinguish from pneumonia in immunocompromised patients and could lead to diagnostic challenges. Hence Pulmonary KS should also be considered in the differential when HIV-infected patients develop rapidly progressive respiratory symptoms after the initiation of glucocorticoid therapy and immunocompromised not responding to antibiotic treatment for pneumonia, especially when CD4 < 100 and viral load >10,000. The first-line therapy of KS is with HAART, and the incidence has declined with its use. Systemic chemotherapy may play a role, depending on the extent of the disease.