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Strategies in community health education and wellness programmes
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Leon Wai Li, C.C. Ma, Percy W.T. Ho
To generalise quality health care services to the whole population, a robust framework is essential to promote evidence-based practise, including service planning, clinical effectiveness, health economics, clinical governance, audit and evaluation (Thorpe et al., 2008). Such an approach can be referred from the Cochrane Collaboration, which is a British international charitable organisation founded as a subsidiary to the Faculty of Public Health. Some notable movements have been established, such as the development of guidelines for cancer care in the United Kingdom. With the establishment and implementation by national authorities in adopting the recommendations into service frameworks, cancer survival rates have increased along with the better aftercare programmes to the population’s health, especially in the ‘return‐to‐work’ process (de Boer et al., 2015; Gray et al., 2006).
The epidemiology of cancer
Published in Mark R Baker, Modernising Cancer Services, 2018
John Wilkinson, Anita Hatfield
Five-year survival in the UK improved for seven of the 20 common cancers between 1986-90 and 1991-93. This includes a 6-7% improvement in breast and prostate cancer, and is likely to be due to earlier detection of cancer through screening (sometimes detection of non-progressive prostate cancer) and to improved treatment (e.g. treatment of breast cancer with Tamoxifen). For some cancers the survival rates did not improve at all, and lung cancer survival rates fell, although this is thought to be due to increased registrations of patients with advanced disease.3
Cancer and ‘the efficiency myth’
Published in John Spiers, Philip Booth, Who Decides Who Decides?, 2018
American systems are often abused by British politicians. We are often warned not to be like America in healthcare, as if this was the only option or alternative to the present failing structure of the NHS. Indeed, adopting the American approach is not what is required or proposed. However, en passant we might note that in America there are twice as many cancer specialists available to patients and twice as many obstetricians and gynaecologists per 100,000 of population. There are, too, three times as many cardiologists. For some cancer survival rates, where in the UK only 5% of patients with stomach cancer survive for more than five years, over 40% do so in the USA. In any language this is a startling difference. And it is achieved despite intrusive interference and over-regulation by Washington and by the individual states. One of the authors of the study which gave these figures has said that the quality of care and the friendliness and responsiveness of nurses was very much better than in the NHS. Again, what we would expect in a market. Dr Richard Smith, then editor of the British Medical Journal, said that the study ‘exploded’ the myth that the NHS was ‘remarkably efficient’.9
Physiotherapists’ experiences of managing upper limb movement impairments due to breast cancer treatment
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Karen Kenyon, Clair Hebron, Pirjo Vuoskoski, Carol McCrum
Approximately 58,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually in the United Kingdom (Breast Cancer Care, 2015). Due to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, survival rates have steadily improved with 85% of women now surviving breast cancer more than 5 years (Breast Cancer Care, 2015). As survival rates improve, the long-term effects of breast cancer treatment are receiving increasing attention (Department of Health and Social Care, 2013). Complications from breast cancer treatment include impairments of the upper limb, which can have significant adverse effects on function and quality of life (Ahmed et al., 2008; Levangie and Drouin, 2009; Thomas-Maclean et al., 2009). These impairments include restricted movement, altered movement patterns, pain, weakness, axillary web syndrome (AWS), and lymphedema,
Maxillofacial prostheses challenges in resource constrained regions
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
Sophia Tetteh, Richard J. Bibb, Simon J. Martin
Overall, cancer survival rates have increased as a result of early diagnosis, improvements in surgical techniques and post-treatment therapies. This has further led to a rise in the number of patients that need treatment. In resource-limited countries, socio-economic factors such as underutilisation of hospital services due to either unaffordability of hospital costs, paucity of adequate health service provision or cultural beliefs has led to higher incidences of orofacial cancer worldwide. Further, these regions lack cancer registries as well as an absence of a comprehensive death registration. Hence, the real incidence or prevalence of cancers is still not fully realised [28]. The development or creation of cancer registries in resource-limited areas is essential, i.e., both hospital and population based cancer registries. Population based cancer registries exist in various parts of the world but the greater proportion are in developed countries (Cancer registries). In developing countries, these registries tend to cover urban areas where healthcare services are of a better quality. This might give insight into the exact healthcare needs that can then be eventually used for cancer control, epidemiological research, public health programme planning and ultimately patient care improvement.
New developments and clinical transition of hyaluronic acid-based nanotherapeutics for treatment of cancer: reversing multidrug resistance, tumour-specific targetability and improved anticancer efficacy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Muhammad Hassan Safdar, Zahid Hussain, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Humna Hasan, Sajal Afzal, Hnin Ei Thu
Cancer is a group of diseases involving an abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize to surrounding tissues. It tends to remain the major cause of fatalities world-wide with an expected forecast of a staggering 1.68 million new diagnostic cases and 0.6 million deaths for the year 2017 in the USA alone. Though the statistical death rate from cancer (from 2005 onwards) has experienced a decline by 1.5% annually, it is still a far-cry from the desired cancer survival rates [1]. The transformation from normal cells to cells that can form a clear mass to outright cancer involves multifarious steps, process known as malignant progression. This results from the interaction between genetic factors and detrimental external agents; mainly physical, chemical and biological carcinogens.