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The Ecology of Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
The disciplines of epidemiology and ecology have much in common. Both seek to understand patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms (such as a particular parasite species that causes a human disease), and both are interested in revealing the processes (determinants) that underlie the patterns. The goal of epidemiology is often to identify risk factors and to anticipate and prevent disease outbreaks. Epidemiological studies are often undertaken in the context of human public health, but epidemiologists also study disease outbreaks in different kinds of hosts, ranging from oak trees to honey bees to horses.
Some non-randomised quantitative designs – quasi-experiments, cohort studies, and case-control studies
Published in Debra Evans, Making Sense of Evidence-based Practice for Nursing, 2023
Cohort studies and case-control studies are used a lot in epidemiology, which studies how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Now look at the “is there an association” questions posed earlier from the different nursing fields. Use Boxes 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 to help you set up hypothetical, non-randomised quantitative studies.
Etiological explanations
Published in Olaf Dammann, Etiological Explanations, 2020
What exactly are the stated goals of epidemiology? Some textbooks state that the goal of epidemiology is to identify the causes of disease.4 In order to do this, epidemiological research needs to provide evidence in support of the conclusion that an observed association between a certain exposure (say, usage of a mobile phone) and a defined health outcome (brain cancer) is, in fact, causal?
Extinction and persistence of a stochastic delayed Covid-19 epidemic model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Amir Khan, Rukhsar Ikram, Anwar Saeed, Mostafa Zahri, Taza Gul, Usa Wannasingha Humphries
Epidemiology is the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population. The importance of this field can be seen in the fact that its interest is growing day by day. Therefore, many mathematical models have been created in the past, such as SI, SIR, H1N1, HBV, SIS model, SARS, SIER model, H5N1, etc., as you can see in Kermack et al. (1927), Billard and Dayananda (2014), and Pongsumpun and Tang (2014). All these problems have been formulated mathematically to make realistic predictions and provide information to society about the diseases which are helpful for a stable society and stable health (Upadhyay et al. 2008; Naheed et al. 2014; Din et al. 2020). The stability and prevention of various diseases in human population societies are important and necessary issues. After the first attempt of Mckendrick and Kermack (Kermack et al. 1932; Khan et al. 2021), the mentioned models for the control of various diseases were analyzed in detail. Based on this approach and the basic concepts, different researchers have modified and developed the epidemic models by including vaccine class and time delay (Edmunds et al. 1996; Atangana and Koca 2016; Ullah et al. 2018; Danane et al. 2020; Din et al. 2020; Khan et al. 2021).
Measures of (injury and illness) occurrence: a primer on epidemiological concepts and terminology for authors
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
Franco M. Impellizzeri, Alan McCall, Tim Meyer, Maarten van Smeden
A general definition of incidence is ‘the act of happening, and the extent or frequency of occurrence’ (Bhopal 2016). More technically, incidence is defined by the Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th edition) (Porta 2014) as ‘the number of new health-related events in a defined population within a specified period of time’. This definition is consistent with the use in epidemiologic literature (Dicker et al. 2006; Rothman et al. 2008; Rothman 2012; Aschengrau and Seage 2013; Ahrens and Pigeot 2014; Grobbee and Hoes 2014; Szklo and Nieto 2014; Bhopal 2016) and includes three key elements: new events (incidence number), a study population of people at risk (defined by characteristics, place and time boundaries), (Bhopal 2016) and a specific amount of time over which the study population is followed/observed (Aschengrau and Seage 2013). Depending on how it is operationalised, incidence can be measured as rate or proportion. Therefore, simply referring to ‘incidence’ is imprecise because incidence can be quantified in different ways. According to Bhopal (2016), when the term ‘incidence’ is used alone, it represents a count of new cases unrelated to the denominator and hence it is not a rate. The distinction from these operationalizations corresponds to different denominators and leads to different expressions of incidence – while the numerator often remains the same: the number of new occurrences over a specified time interval and population. The key features of incidence rates and proportions are presented in Table 1.
Revisiting social MPE: an integration of molecular pathological epidemiology and social science in the new era of precision medicine
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Jin Dai, Akihiro Nishi, Nathan Tran, Yasumasa Yamamoto, George Dewey, Tomotaka Ugai, Shuji Ogino
Social science is a discipline that studies societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies [48]. Social science (e.g. sociology) and its health-related interdisciplinary areas (social epidemiology) have also expanded significantly and concurrently with the booming development of MPE [49,50]. Social-demographic factors such as socioeconomic status/position, income inequality, social support and capital, neighborhood quality, gender, and race/ethnicity can influence lifestyle and other exposure status of individuals and therefore determine human health [49,51]. As an interdisciplinary area of social science and epidemiology, social epidemiology is concerned with the way that social structures, institutions, and relationships influence health [52]. Social epidemiology is a method-based subject, which has sometimes adapted theories and analytical strategies from other fields of social science to cast light on population health-related questions [50,53–59]. One crucial goal of social epidemiology is to understand the biological mechanism of the interested social risk factors upon population health outcomes [52].