China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pediatric Oncology
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Stephen Lowis, Rachel Cox, John Moppett, Helen Rees
Bone cancer can sometimes present with pathological fractures. Extra-osseous Ewing’s or soft tissue primitive neuroectodermal tumors can arise in the trunk, extremities, head and neck, and retroperitoneum. Extra-osseous Ewing’s tumors are likely to be larger and less amenable to definitive local surgery than bony Ewing’s. Approximately 30% of Ewing’s tumors will show metastases at diagnosis, with lung being the commonest site but also found in bone and liver.
Radiation Hormesis in Cancer
Published in T. D. Luckey, Radiation Hormesis, 2020
Raabe et al. made interspecies comparisons from available data: the total radiation exposure required to obtain a median cancer response is three times more for humans than dogs and three times greater in dogs than in mice.738 This suggests that humans are about ten times more resistant than mice to damage from bone seeking radionuclides. At low doses, death from other causes precedes the development of bone cancer. He suggested a practical threshold is the amount which requires more than one life time to develop cancer following its administration.
Nanotechnology-Derived Orthopedic Implant Sensors
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Currently, a physical examination (e.g., palpation, or laboratory testing) might be completed before imaging techniques are used to inform a clinician about a patient’s health. Although advanced imaging techniques, such as bone scans, computer tomography scans, and radiographs (x-rays) are important in medical diagnosis, each has its own limitations and difficulties. A bone scan is used to identify areas of abnormal active bone formation, such as in arthritis, infection, or bone cancer. However, bone scans require an injection of a radioactive substance (e.g., technetium) and a prolonged delay for absorbance before performing the scan. Computer tomography combines x-rays with computer technology to produce a two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional image of a body on the computer screen. Although this technique produces more detail than an x-ray, in some cases (e.g., severe trauma to the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or spinal cord), a dye (e.g., barium sulfate) must be injected for improving the clarity of the image. This often causes pain to the patient. Another technique, called electromyography, has been used to analyze/diagnose nerve functions inside body conditions. Thin electrodes are placed in soft tissues to help analyze and record electrical activity in the muscles. However, this electrode technique leads to pain and discomfort for the patient. When the needles are removed, soreness and bruising can occur.
Bone tumors effective therapy through functionalized hydrogels: current developments and future expectations
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ruyi Shao, Yeben Wang, Laifeng Li, Yongqiang Dong, Jiayi Zhao, Wenqing Liang
Bone cancer is a type of tumor that develops in the bone and kills normal bone tissues. It might be benign or cancerous. The tumor grows and compresses the normal bone tissues in both cases, however benign tumors lack the ability to metastasize and therefore do not spread to other organs of the body. Benign bone tumors can progress to malignancy and pose a risk if remain untreated. Benign bone tumors include osteochondroma, osteoma, osteoblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, and enchondroma (Hakim et al., 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bone cancers are classified as primary or secondary tumors (Sisu et al., 2012) and categorized over 45 distinct forms of bone tumors in 2002 based on their findings. Among the many kinds of bone tumors, Osteosarcoma is the most common and major type of bone tumor, accounting for 31.5% of all cases, followed by angiosarcoma (1.4%), malignant fibrous histitocytoma (5.7%), chondroma (8.4%), Ewing’s sarcoma (16%), and chondrosarcoma (25.8%) (Sisu et al., 2012; Jemal et al., 2005). Secondary bone tumors are usually malignant and develop as a result of soft tissue metastasizing tumors in the breast, liver, or lung. As per the American Cancer Society, the number of joint and bone cancer diagnoses and deaths rises each year (Miller et al., 2019).
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and its immunomodulation function: current understanding and future therapeutic implications
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Carlos Antonio Trindade da Silva, Juliana Trindade Clemente-Napimoga, Henrique Ballassini Abdalla, Rosanna Tarkany Basting, Marcelo Henrique Napimoga
Another pain-induced animal model also confirms the potential analgesic effects of synthetic PPAR agonists. In an experimental model using rats in an induced frozen shoulder, characterized by a gradual increase of pain and a limited range of motion, in which the treatment with rosiglitazone reduced the severity of the disease [57]. In colitis-associated pain induced by intestinal inflammation using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model, pioglitazone treatment, ameliorated the colitis DSS-induced inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and NF-κB in the colon and decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the colon and spinal tissues promoting analgesic effects and preserving the intestinal mucosal barrier [58]. Besides, the association of rosiglitazone and resolvin D1 alleviated the mechanical hyperalgesia, reduced the neutrophils infiltration, and restored the macrophage polarity (M1 to M2 phenotype) in the healing process in an incision wound in diabetic mice [59]. Bone cancer pain is one of the most common types of cancer-related pain and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Recent data demonstrated that rosiglitazone attenuates bone cancer pain through the activation of PPAR-γ to inhibit the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory axis in spinal cord neurons, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bone cancer pain [60].
Investigation of anticancer activities of STA-9090 (ganetespib) as a second generation HSP90 inhibitor in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common bone cancer type of children and young people. In the world, osteosarcoma is the third common cancer type among children and teens after lymphomas and brain cancer cases. This neoplasm develops either in femur and tibia bone, and humerus bone in the upper arm. Especially, radiation and genetic factors cause formation of osteosarcoma, but its molecular mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood yet.1–4 Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are applied for treatment of patients with osteosarcoma, however; long-term survival rate is not at the desired level. Approximately twenty percent of osteosarcoma has ability to spread over lung, brain, and other bones. Survival ratio of osteosarcoma patients are estimated around 60–70% and 20-30% in the non-metastatic and metastatic conditions, respectively. Chemotherapy is still the most effective treatment method for early and advanced stage of osteosarcoma and its metastases.5–7 Therefore, for alternative treatment options, researchers have been focussed on the development of next generation drugs for treatment of osteosarcoma and its metastases.