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Paper 3
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
There are features of Paget disease, a bone disorder due to excessive bone remodelling, indicated by enlarged bone with coarse trabeculae and cortical thickening. The presence of periostitis with a ‘hair-on-end’ or ‘sunburst’ periosteal reaction is indicative an aggressive bone lesion, consistent with development of a secondary osteosarcoma, a complication of Paget disease. Osteosarcoma is most common in children and adolescents, with a second peak in 70–80 year olds.
Pediatric Oncology
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Stephen Lowis, Rachel Cox, John Moppett, Helen Rees
Osteosarcoma typically presents with pain and swelling of the affected bone. Pain may be worse at night. Pathological fractures can occur and this impacts on management and prognosis. OS most commonly affects the proximal tibia or distal femur (60%) and the humerus or shoulder (10% of cases). OS is much less common in axial sites and only occurs in the head and neck in around 8% of cases. Around 10–20% of patients present with metastases typically to lung but more rarely to bone.
Oncology
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Neoplasms seen in the pediatric population in addition to the acute leukemias include rhabdomyosarcoma (a soft tissue sarcoma), Ewlng's sarcoma (a highly malignant sarcoma of bone), medulloblastoma (primary brain tumor), neuroblastoma (often seen in the spinal cord), osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma (malignant bone tumor), and Wilms' tumor (an abdominal malignant solid tumor).
Dual role of quercetin in enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin in chemotherapy and protection against its side effects: a review
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Masoud Najafi, Shima Tavakol, Ali Zarrabi, Milad Ashrafizadeh
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumour bone affecting both children and adults (Bielack et al.2008). Chemotherapy is the most common therapy in osteosarcoma, but chemotherapy tolerance is a challenge in osteosarcoma therapy (Bielack et al.2008). As a result, sensitising osteosarcoma cells into chemotherapy is suggested to be a promising strategy. On the other hand, quercetin is capable of targeting miRs in cancer therapy. Administration of quercetin sensitises cancer cells into radiotherapy via upregulation of miR-16-5p (Wang et al.2020a). Besides, quercetin enhances the expression of miR-16 to diminish the malignancy and proliferation of cancer cells (Zhao et al.2019). In osteosarcoma cells, quercetin follows a same route. In order to sensitise cancer cells into CP chemotherapy, quercetin down-regulates the expression of KRAS through miR-217 induction, leading to the decreased viability and proliferation, and subsequent sensitivity into CP chemotherapy (Zhang et al.2015).
Investigation of anticancer activities of STA-9090 (ganetespib) as a second generation HSP90 inhibitor in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common bone cancer type of children and young people. In the world, osteosarcoma is the third common cancer type among children and teens after lymphomas and brain cancer cases. This neoplasm develops either in femur and tibia bone, and humerus bone in the upper arm. Especially, radiation and genetic factors cause formation of osteosarcoma, but its molecular mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood yet.1–4 Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are applied for treatment of patients with osteosarcoma, however; long-term survival rate is not at the desired level. Approximately twenty percent of osteosarcoma has ability to spread over lung, brain, and other bones. Survival ratio of osteosarcoma patients are estimated around 60–70% and 20-30% in the non-metastatic and metastatic conditions, respectively. Chemotherapy is still the most effective treatment method for early and advanced stage of osteosarcoma and its metastases.5–7 Therefore, for alternative treatment options, researchers have been focussed on the development of next generation drugs for treatment of osteosarcoma and its metastases.
Baicalein inhibits cell development, metastasis and EMT and induces apoptosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Hang Lin, Yi Hao, Xiaoqing Wan, Jun He, Yongjun Tong
Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor derived from mesenchymal tissue, accounting for 20% of primary malignant tumors [1]. It is also the most common primary bone malignant tumor of adolescents [2]. Clinically, the onset of the patient with osteosarcoma is only local pain and swelling and occasionally accompanied by joint dysfunction [3]. In recent years, the 5-year survival rate of osteosarcoma patients has gradually increased with the implementation of limb salvage surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, gene, molecular targeting, and other comprehensive treatments, but its prognosis is still not satisfactory [4]. Moreover, the drug resistance of osteosarcoma has also been a difficult issue in the treatment of osteosarcoma, which may be due to the nonspecific targeting effect of anti-cancer drugs on cancer cells [5,6]. Therefore, it is imperative to study new drugs or active ingredients specifically for the treatment of osteosarcoma.