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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
According to the American Cancer Society, estimates of cases of thyroid cancer in the United States for 2021 are 32,130 in women and 12,150 in men, totaling 44,280. Caucasians have the highest rates of thyroid cancer, while African Americans have the lowest rates. Globally, thyroid cancer affects about 0.4 of every 100,000 women, and 0.3 of every 100,000 men. Incidence of thyroid cancer has doubled globally since 1990. The prevalence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid has increased since the year 1975, from 4.8 to 14.9 cases per 100,000 individuals. In the United States, it makes up about 45,000 new diagnoses every year. The annual prevalence of follicular thyroid carcinomas in the United States, in 2009, was 12 cases per 1 million women, and 5.5 cases per 1 million men. This form makes up 10%–15% of all thyroid cancers. Follicular carcinomas are very rare in children. Highest annual cases were in patients between the ages of 70 and 79 years. MTC makes up less than 2.5% of all malignant thyroid tumors. Because of its rarity, the global prevalence and incidence of MTC are not well documented. There is no racial or ethnic predilection, and no clear statistics as to which countries have more cases than others. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is also very rare, affecting less than 2% of thyroid cancer patients, but is responsible for 20%–50% of deaths. ATC affects 1–2 out of every 1 million people annually in the United States. The majority of patients are over age 65, and 90% of cases occur above the age of 50.
Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
Anaplastic carcinoma is a clinical diagnosis, presenting as a rapidly expanding neck mass, often associated with symptoms indicating local invasion and compression. US appearances are of a diffuse, ill-defined hypoechoic or heterogeneous mass which may involve part or the entire thyroid gland (83). Areas of necrosis and extracapsular spread are common, with invasion of adjacent structures such as overlying strap muscles and major neck vessels (Figure 4.17). The assessment of tracheal or oesophageal involvement requires cross-sectional imaging (Figure 4.18). Lymph node or distant metastases are present in the majority of patients (83).
Imaging in head and neck surgery
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Anaplastic carcinoma will clinically present as a rapidly growing thyroid mass. In the case of anaplastic subtype, cross-sectional imaging is useful. CT in particular will show extent of the tumour along with invasion of adjacent structures, particularly the trachea. Calcification is a common feature. CT findings demonstrate heterogeneous enhancement with hypoenhancing necrosis.
Radiofrequency ablation of primary thyroid carcinoma: efficacy according to the types of thyroid carcinoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
So Yeong Jeong, Jung Hwan Baek, Young Jun Choi, Sae Rom Chung, Tae Yon Sung, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee
Treatment of inoperable anaplastic or medullary thyroid carcinoma with RFA is controversial [12,13,26,27]. Few case reports involve the use of RFA for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cakir et al. [27] demonstrated symptom improvement after LA of anaplastic carcinoma; however, the patient died suddenly. Miyabayashi et al. [12] showed no change in tumour size after RFA of treated advanced cancers, but the tumour became softer after treatment. Pacella et al. [13] also described the limitation of LA for anaplastic carcinoma. In our study, there were no effects of RFA on volume reduction or symptom improvement in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma owing to the rapid doubling time of anaplastic. Therefore, application of RFA in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or advanced medullary carcinoma is questionable.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma with hobnail features showing rapid progression and therapy resistance
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
Anton De Graef, Klaas Van Den Heede, Vanessa Meert, Sam Van Slycke
The metastasised thyroid carcinoma was a hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, distinguishing it from an anaplastic carcinoma. Therefore, second-line treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib (Nexavar) was performed, rather than Taxol, which would be preferable in case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Sadly, the patient deceased at the age of 38, exactly 2 months after surgery and 5 days after Sorafenib initiation.
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma transformation in a lateral neck node metastasis – A case report and a review of the literature
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2018
Agnes B. Gunnarsdottir, Birgir A. Briem, Larus Jonasson, Geir Tryggvason
Prognosis of primary anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is poor. However, the prognosis of patients with a PTC primary but a dedifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma metastasis is less known. A few case reports have been published, but no statistic mortality rate can be deduced from these case reports.