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Pathology of Breast Cancer
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
The level of complexity involved in the interpretation of a breast FNAB is different from core biopsy. Fine needle aspiration biopsy requires the availability of an interested pathologist with special training in breast cytopathology who also recognizes the limitations of breast FNAB, The diagnosis in FNAB is based on cellular elements only (Fig. 4). In contrast, aside from a smaller sample size, the morphologic criteria used in interpretation of a core biopsy are similar to those that have been well described for surgical pathology of the breast (Fig. 5). This may explain why core biopsy is preferred by many pathologists to FNAB.
Robust Nuclei Segmentation using Statistical Level Set Method with Topology Preserving Constraint
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Level Set Method in Medical Imaging Segmentation, 2019
Shaghayegh Taheri, Thomas Fevens, Tien D. Bui
Pathology is a medical specialty which concerns laboratory examination of cells and tissue samples with the purpose of diagnosis and characterization of diseases. More specifically, cytopathological and histopathological examinations of a biopsy or surgical specimen are two main branches of anatomical pathology that are commonly applied to diagnose various diseases, including cancer. Cytopathology (or cytology) refers to the microscopic investigation of samples at the cellular level and is mainly advantageous when quick preparation, staining, and interpretation procedures are needed. Despite the fact that cytopathological imagery are highly beneficial as they provide great cellular detail at low cost, cytopathological examinations alone are not sufficient for accurate diagnosis purposes. For instance, they cannot indicate whether the cancer cells are spreading into and damaging surrounding tissues. Therefore, to obtain higher diagnostic accuracy, the preliminary cytopathological tests must be confirmed by the so-called histopathological (or histological) assessments for which the overall tissue architecture is evaluated. Pathologists usually make diagnostic interferences by visual inspection of cells based on their morphological features and architecture, such as shape, position, size, number, etc. Although still being considered as the gold standard, manual examination of biological images is tedious work which requires many hours of human labor. This highlights the requirement for an automatic system that accurately measures these features in a few seconds.
Quality assurance
Published in Michael Galloway, Suzanne Chapman, Peter Lees, Jenny Simpson, BAMM Clinical Directors’ Series Clinical Director of Pathology, 2018
The application of external assessment to histopathology and cytopathology has proven to be very controversial. Apart from the difficulties in how individual (usually regional) schemes are organised, there remains considerable dispute as to how substandard performance should be defined and what remedial action would be appropriate for individuals whose performance was suspect. With the coming of clinical governance and revalidation for all consultants, it now seems that at long last these issues will finally be resolved. CPA (UK) Ltd now has responsibility for the accreditation of all EQA schemes, including histopathology and cytopathology, and we can now look forward to a more uniform and positive attitude to EQA in these disciplines. Whereas with the analytical disciplines professional accountability will be monitored through the Joint Working Group on Quality Assurance, for histopathology and cytopathology professional accountability will be through an advisory panel and the Royal College of Pathologists.
Iris melanoma outcomes based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) classification in 78 consecutive patients
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Elliot Cherkas, Guy S. Negretti, Jennifer S. Zeiger, Carol L. Shields
Data was collected from each patient chart regarding patient demographics, clinical features of the patient and tumor, cytopathology, histopathology, and genetic features of the tumor, and outcomes. Demographic data included patient age, sex, race, Fitzpatrick Skin Type (FST), and affected eye. Clinical data at initial examination included best corrected visual acuity (VA), iris color of affected eye (blue, green, brown), presence of ocular melanocytosis, tumor diameter (millimeters [mm]), tumor thickness (mm), ciliary body involvement, secondary glaucoma, and presence/absence of extraocular extension. Tumor cytopathology results were recorded. Tumor cytogenetic data using TCGA classification (TCGA groups A, B, C, and D) were noted as well as data on treatment modality (plaque or proton beam radiotherapy, tumor resection (partial lamellar sclerouvectomy), enucleation).
Diagnosis and interpretation of testing for cat scratch disease
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Testing for viral hepatitis, HIV, human papillomavirus, chlamydia, gonorrhea, COVID-19, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, brucellosis, and coccidioidosis was unrevealing, as were blood and urine cultures. Core biopsy of the left inguinal node showed granulomatous inflammation with no acid-fast or fungal organisms. Cytopathology was negative for malignancy. Upon further questioning, the patient revealed she had six cats, including two kittens, and had been scratched in recent weeks. There was strong suspicion for CSD so the patient was transitioned from empiric ceftriaxone and metronidazole to azithromycin. Lab tests demonstrated an elevated B. henselae IgG antibody titer at 1:1280. B. henselae IgM and B. quintana IgG and IgM were negative. Paraffin-embedded lymph node tissue was sent for PCR analysis. Given the high likelihood of CSD and symptomatic improvement with antibiotics, the patient was discharged to complete 5 days of azithromycin, the standard therapy recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, with the Bartonella PCR tissue sample still pending.
Oral co-delivery nanoemulsion of 5-fluorouracil and curcumin for synergistic effects against liver cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Pu Guo, Chao Pi, Shijie Zhao, Shaozhi Fu, Hongru Yang, Xiaoli Zheng, Xiaomei Zhang, Ling Zhao, Yumeng Wei
Normal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) including the control, CU (70 mg kg−1), FU (12.5 mg kg−1), CU+FU (CU (70 mg kg−1):FU (12.5 mg kg−1) = 2:1, mol/mol) and CU/FU-LN (CU (70 mg kg−1):FU (12.5 mg kg−1) = 2:1, mol/mol). All treatments were administrated by gavage daily for 45 d. The 5-fluorouracil dose was determined based on a clinical oral 5-fluorouracil dose of 40–80 mg kg−1 d−1 and a conversion factor of 0.026 between humans (70 kg) and mice (20 g). The curcumin dose was established according to a 2:1 molar ratio of curcumin:5-fluorouracil. Mouse weight and physical condition were monitored throughout the trial. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and their hearts, livers, kidneys, stomachs, and small intestines were excised, fixed in 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde for ≥48 h, embedded in paraffin, sliced in 5 μm sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cytopathology was observed under a microscope (BA 400 Digital; Germany).