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Cancer (Gastric)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Stomach cancer usually begins in the mucus-producing cells that line the stomach. This type of cancer is known as adenocarcinoma. Stomach cancer is difficult to diagnosis because individuals with early gastric cancer often do not have any symptoms. Also, early symptoms that do present, such as fullness, heartburn, or indigestion, are typically nonspecific and mimic other gastrointestinal diseases. The disease is more common among men and those in their 50s. Weight loss and blood in the stool can be key symptoms as the disease further develops. Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world.
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Several histologic types of vaginal cancer, although rare, tend to occur more commonly than squamous cell carcinoma in women of reproductive age. Adenocarcinoma, usually of the clear cell variety, may develop after in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. The link between diethylstilbestrol exposure and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower genital tract, including the cervix, was well established by 1971, after which the use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy was discontinued. The risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix is actually less than 1 in 1000 for those exposed to the transplacental carcinogen diethylstilbestrol. Approximately one-third of diethylstilbestrol-exposed patients develop adenosis, which may be a precursor to clear cell carcinoma. Such diethylstilbestrol-linked malignancies rarely occur before 14 years of age or after 30 years of age. Thus, frequent cervical and vaginal cytology with careful colposcopic evaluation for abnormal findings are indicated beginning at menarche. Most clear cell adenocarcinomas are diagnosed early (stage I) and thus have a good prognosis with an 80% 5-year survival. In pregnancy, treatment is largely unaltered, as surgery is performed without fetal regard, unless in the final trimester, in which case delay until after delivery may be contemplated.
Gastroenterology
Published in Anna Kowalewski, SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students, 2021
Barrett’s oesophagus is the abnormal metaplastic change in the lower end of the oesophagus thought to be due to chronic acid reflux. The normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium (intestinal- like). It confers an increased risk of adenocarcinoma.
MEX3A promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer via glycolysis
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Yong Lu, Tienan Bi, Shenkang Zhou, Minhui Guo
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor, with the mortality rate second only to lung cancer. Despite achievements in clinical practice and screening techniques, the diagnostic efficiency of CRC in most countries, including developed countries, remains lower than expected [1]. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were common methods for the treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma in the past. However, due to difficulties in early diagnosis of CRC, most patients have been in the advanced stages of the disease when diagnosed with CRC, missing the best time for surgery and suffering more side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy [2]. Thus, it is of great practical significance to develop new CRC treatment methods for improving the early diagnosis and survival rate of CRC patients. Tumor angiogenesis has been proved to play a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor development, becoming a hot research topic in the field of cancer. The antiangiogenic drug bevacizumab has been approved for the first- or second-line treatment of metastatic CRC [3]. As the first biological agent approved for treating metastatic CRC, bevacizumab has demonstrated impressive performance [4]. Therefore, it is meaningful to explore the molecular mechanism of CRC angiogenesis in CRC treatment.
VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms predict improved outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Huijie Qi, Wenxin Zhang, Yan Wang, Mengxi Ge, Tianxiao Wang, Liudi Zhang, Mingkang Zhong, Xiaojin Shi, Xiaohua Liang, Qiong Zhan, Qunyi Li
The details of patients’ characteristics in the study are listed in Table 1. In total, 196 advanced NSCLC patients were enrolled, who were comprised of 127 (64.8%) males and 69 (35.2%) females. The numbers of never and former/current smokers were 118 (60.2%) and 78 (39.8%), respectively. The age of all patients ranged from 38 to 82 years with median of 60 years. Most patients (n = 170, 86.7%) had a good performance status (0–1). All patients were histological diagnosed with advanced NSCLC, 31 (15.8%) in stage IIIA, 42 (21.4%) in stage IIIB and 123 (62.8%) in stage IV. For tumour histology, we classified it with three types, adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and others (included adenosquamous carcinoma, mixed-cell, neuroendocrine, or undifferentiated carcinoma). Adenocarcinoma (n = 137, 69.9%) was the most common type. All patients were treated with first-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Among different chemotherapy combinations, 128 (65.3%) patients received AP (platinum-pemetrexed), while 39 (19.9%) received TP (platinum-taxol) treatment. There are 15 patients carried two EGFR mutations, so the incidence of EGFR mutation is 46/196 (23.5%) in this study. At the survival analysis, the median PFS of NSCLC patients was 262 days.
Nutritional Support in Older Patients with Esophageal Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Diğdem Doğan Akagündüz, Perim Fatma Türker
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors worldwide. Its morbidity ranks fourth among all malignant tumors in men and sixth among women. (1). In the last decade, the incidence of esophageal/gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma has increased significantly in the Western world, and both overweight and obesity have been identified as risk factors (2). Current literature demonstrates that 57% to 69% of patients with esophageal cancer have weight loss, and the mean weight loss was reported to be 13% to 16% in surveys of the nutritional status of an unselected series of outpatients or inpatients, respectively (2–4). A variety of factors and mechanisms cause malnutrition in EC patients; psychological elements of cancer might emerge as depression, anxiety, and fear, all of which contribute to calorie restriction; dysphagia, odynophagia, anorexia, early satiety, and cough caused by the primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes might lead to food avoidance; elevated basal metabolic rates and metabolic abnormalities of glucose, protein, and fat that accompany EC result in a considerable rise in nutritional demands and subsequent nutritional depletion.