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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The only method of preventing transitional cell carcinoma is to avoid the known risk factors. If detected early, most patients can be cured. Early diagnosis can prevent unexplained weight loss, fatigue, hematuria, back pain, and painful or frequent urination.
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Carcinomas are malignant cells which emerge in the sheets of epithelial tissue that cover all the surfaces of the body, including all organs. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells that include squamous cells, adenomatous cells and transitional cells. Squamous cell carcinoma starts in areas such as the skin or the lining of the oesophagusAdenocarcinoma starts in glandsTransitional cell carcinoma starts in tissues that can stretch, such as the lining of the bladderBasal cell carcinoma starts in the cells that make up the deepest layer of skin
The Human Cancer Situation
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Malignant neoplasms fall into three classifications: (1) carcinomas are solid tumors which afflict epithelial tissues, including the skin and the surfaces and linings of internal glands; (2) sarcomas are solid tumors of the supportive tissues such as bone, muscle, and cartilage; and (3) leuke-mias and lymphomas are cancers of circulating cells. Carcinomas are the most common form of human cancer and, technically, the only form to which the term “cancer” actually applies. We will follow the more common definition and use the term “cancer” to refer to all malignant neoplasms. Cancers are generally labeled by their site of occurrence, e.g., lung cancer, bladder cancer. This classification sometimes extends to the specific class of cells within a given organ, e.g., oat-cell carcinoma of the lung. Although cancers have a common nature, each different class is treated as a separate disease. This is because among cancers of different organs and of different cell types within an organ, there are great differences in causative agents, symptoms produced, treatment methods, and curability. There are hundreds of clinically identifiable cancers. The International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 1977) lists over 70 major categories of cancer by site (Appendix I); each major category is further broken down into multiple subcategories. The subcategories can be further classified by morphology or histology. Nearly 50 major histological categories are listed in Appendix II; most of these are further broken down into multiple subcategories, some into over 50 subcategories (WHO, 1977).
Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation Initially Presented as Glaucoma
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Fangyu Zhao, Liying Hu, Ruru Guo, Zhiqing Li, Jian Ji, Wei Liu
Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, with a poor visual prognosis. Paraneoplastic syndrome is a group of symptoms attributed to functional peptides and hormones secreted by the tumor or immune cross-reactivity, unrelated to direct tumoral invasion or compression.1 The primary neoplasm is often occult, and almost half of the cases are detected because of BDUMP.2 The age of affected patients ranges from 50 to 80 years with no gender difference.3 The reported malignancies related to BDUMP include genitourinary cancers, such as ovary, uterus, and cervix cancers in females and lung, prostate, pancreas, and colon cancers in males.4 Among them, carcinomas of the ovary and lungs, are the most common causes.
VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms predict improved outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Huijie Qi, Wenxin Zhang, Yan Wang, Mengxi Ge, Tianxiao Wang, Liudi Zhang, Mingkang Zhong, Xiaojin Shi, Xiaohua Liang, Qiong Zhan, Qunyi Li
The details of patients’ characteristics in the study are listed in Table 1. In total, 196 advanced NSCLC patients were enrolled, who were comprised of 127 (64.8%) males and 69 (35.2%) females. The numbers of never and former/current smokers were 118 (60.2%) and 78 (39.8%), respectively. The age of all patients ranged from 38 to 82 years with median of 60 years. Most patients (n = 170, 86.7%) had a good performance status (0–1). All patients were histological diagnosed with advanced NSCLC, 31 (15.8%) in stage IIIA, 42 (21.4%) in stage IIIB and 123 (62.8%) in stage IV. For tumour histology, we classified it with three types, adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and others (included adenosquamous carcinoma, mixed-cell, neuroendocrine, or undifferentiated carcinoma). Adenocarcinoma (n = 137, 69.9%) was the most common type. All patients were treated with first-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Among different chemotherapy combinations, 128 (65.3%) patients received AP (platinum-pemetrexed), while 39 (19.9%) received TP (platinum-taxol) treatment. There are 15 patients carried two EGFR mutations, so the incidence of EGFR mutation is 46/196 (23.5%) in this study. At the survival analysis, the median PFS of NSCLC patients was 262 days.
Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus Roseus Leaves and Their Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Apoorva Bangroo, Akshay Malhotra, Uttam Sharma, Aklank Jain, Anupreet Kaur
ZnO NSs are reported to possess antimicrobial activity because of which these can be used as an effective treatment against multi-drug resistance organisms (MDR). The studies have shown that ZnO NSs are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. Ease of penetration in the cell interior that casues subsequent cell toxicity is speculated as the major contributor towards their efficacy against microbes. Carcinoma is a state of unconstrained cellular differentiation, which has been treated through numerous available treatments, involving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical procedure, in the course of the past countless years. Even though all those treatments seem to be useful for the obliteration of cells, they do have a nonselective and stern impact. To succeed over these adverse events, in recent times, nanomedicine-mediated modalities have proven a lot of interest in most cancer therapies since their active-passive targeting, high solubility, bioavailability, biological compatibility, and versatility. Amongst the metallic NPs, ZnO NSs demonstrate enhanced cellular toxicity upon generation of superoxide, foremost oxidative damage and eventually cellular death, until anti-oxidative capability of a cell has surpassed (19).