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Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Context-dependent forgetting.Cue-dependent forgetting.Decay theory.Displacement theory.Interference theory.Motivated interference.Proactive inhibition.Retrieval failure.Retroactive inhibition.State-dependent forgetting.Storage failure.Trace-strength diminishment.
Memory
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Any theory of memory must explain why information is forgotten over time. There are two main hypotheses as to why we forget; these are that we lose information due to decay or interference. Decay refers to the loss of memory simply due to the passage of time. Interference refers to the situation in which new information may displace or corrupt older information. Table 10.1 provides an overview of types of forgetting. Decay theory (spontaneous decay) assumes that when something is learned, a memory trace is formed that decays spontaneously.Interference theory (interference) views forgetting as being due to competing responses between the criterion tasks and tasks that have been learned before or after the criterion tasks.There are two different types of interference. When new information pushes old items out of memory this is called retroactive interference; this type of interference works backward (retro), ruining memory for items entered earlier. For example, changing your telephone number may cause you to forget your old number. This is known as retroactive interference. However, there may also be times when older information ‘resurfaces’ and becomes confused with newer information. For example, you may suddenly recall an old telephone number and confuse it with your new one. This is known as proactive inhibition. Old items clogging up the STM prevent the accurate entry of new information through proactive interference; this type of interference works forward (‘pro’), straining memory for items entered later.
The Pleiotropic Effect of Physical Exercise on Mitochondrial Dynamics in Aging Skeletal Muscle
Published in Chad Cox, Clinical Nutrition and Aging, 2017
Elena Barbieri, Deborah Agostini, Emanuela Polidori, Lucia Potenza, Michele Guescini, Francesco Lucertini, Giosuè Annibalini, Laura Stocchi, Mauro De Santi, Vilberto Stocchi
According to the current paradigm, concurrent training, that is, endurance and resistance exercise combined in the same training session, results in a blunted response, due to interference between the different types of exercise. It is known that muscle growth is mediated by mTORC1, while mitochondrial biogenesis is driven by PGC-1α, and these two pathways are linked to one another. However, in addition to the studies supporting the interference theory, other recent studies have yielded conflicting results. Wang et al. [141] reported that endurance exercise followed by resistance exercise improves PGC-1α and activates mTORC1 also independently form IGF-I upregulation, its receptors. Apró et al. [142], who examined whether endurance exercise following heavy resistance exercise would repress molecular signaling through the mTORC1 pathway when compared with resistance exercise alone, did not find any interference with the growth-related signaling through the mTORC1 pathway in human skeletal muscle. In addition, both modes of exercise induced similar responses at the transcriptional level with the exception of PGC-1α, whose gene expression was superior following concurrent exercise. Furthermore, MacNeil et al. [143] reported that the order of exercise modes within concurrent training (endurance following resistance exercise or vice versa) does not affect training-induced changes in gene expression, protein content or measures of strength and aerobic capacity. Although it appears that concurrent training, regardless of the exercise mode order, is probably the most effective strategy for improving mitochondrial health and biogenesis, further studies are needed to identify the most useful exercise strategy in terms of intensity, volume, and timetable, also taking into account the overall physical condition of the subject. In this regard, the introduction of the minimally invasive technique called “fine-needle aspiration” has proved to be very useful in the study of mitochondrial quality and quantity modulation in response to exercise and may help in developing personalized exercise training programs particularly in elderly [144–146].
Personality factors and safety attitudes predict safety behaviour and accidents in elevator workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2020
Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, Pin-Chao Liao, Zhi Guo, Jian Zheng, Buyun Jing
Elevator workers’ trait anxiety could predict occupational injuries, in conformity with previous studies which found that trait anxiety can predict self-reported risky driving behaviours [15]. Trait anxiety was a stable tendency of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and rumination [13]. According to cognitive interference theory [47] and processing efficiency theory [48], the heightened distractibility and attention deficit decreased the processing capacity of working memory, resulting in information-processing overload at the expense of the task performance. In streets full of running cars and dangerous workplaces such as the elevator, such distraction could cause accidents and injuries. It was also argued that anxious people tend to avoid dangerous environments [14] and thus anxiety was associated with fewer accidents. People with high anxiety might avoid dangerous jobs such as elevator workers. However, among the elevator workers, those with high anxiety did tend to have more accidents. Three-quarters of the 27% highest anxious workers have been injured, but only half of the 27% lowest anxious workers have been injured.
Evaluating the Influence of Visual Attentional Tracking on Pointing Movement Precision
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Piotr Styrkowiec, Maciej Ostrowski
Pylyshyn and Storm (1988) developed an experimental paradigm that is a simple but powerful tool for studying divided visual attention in dynamic settings, namely the multiple object tracking (MOT) task. In a standard MOT task, the observer is first shown a number of randomly arranged identical static objects. In the next step, some of these objects are briefly marked as targets to be tracked, and the remaining objects become distractors. Subsequently, all objects are made identical again, and the display is set into motion. Objects move in random, independent trajectories and bounce off each other and the display borders. When the tracking period, which usually lasts up to a dozen seconds ends, all objects stop moving, and the observer is asked to indicate which objects were the original targets. The measure of correct task performance is usually the inferred proportion of successfully tracked targets (Hulleman, 2005).The performance in the MOT task usually decreases as the number of targets increases, although the observer’s tracking ability depends on a number of factors (Scholl, 2009; Scimeca & Franconeri, 2015). Several theories attempt to explain the limits of multi-element dynamic attentive tracking, which can be divided into two main groups. The first group of theories postulates fixed architectural constraints on attentional processing, such as the visual index theory (Pylyshyn, 1989, 2007) or the multifocal attention theory (Cavanagh & Alvarez, 2005). The second group assumes demand-based allocation of attentional resources among tracked objects, such as the model of flexible allocation of attention (Alvarez & Franconeri, 2007) or the spatial interference theory (Franconeri et al., 2010). The review of MOT and visual attention by Meyerhoff et al. (2017) provides further details on MOT theories.
Contributions of Working Memory and Inhibition to Cognitive Flexibility in Nigerian Adolescents
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2020
Task-switching paradigms have been widely studied in both adult and children samples (Crone, Bunge, Van der Molen, & Ridderinkhof, 2006; Davidson, Amso, Anderson, & Diamond, 2006; Kopp, Steinke, Meiran, Seer, & Lange, 2018; Meiran, 2005; Meiran, Chorev, & Sapir, 2000; Nweze, Eze, & Lange, 2020; Reimers & Maylor, 2005; Schneider & Logan, 2010; Zelazo, Craik, & Booth, 2004; Logan, 2004) and have been conceptualized as a top-down cognitive control process primarily because of its perceived dependence on other executive processes (Davidson et al., 2006). Performance costs in task switching have been accounted for by the roles of active preparation time and interference (Cepeda, Kramer, & Gonzalez de Sather, 2001). According to active preparation model, allowing time to prepare for task changes by cueing the target stimuli reduces the time needed to detect and classify the stimuli (Meiran, 2000). The basic assumption of this model is that it is structurally improbable that two task sets are activated simultaneously, thereby making task-set reconfiguration necessary. This has been shown to reduce the switch cost in adult and children samples as they are able to prepare for task changes (Grange & Houghton, 2014; Hughes, Ratcliff, & Lehman, 1998; Kiesel et al., 2010; Meiran, 2000; Monsell, 2003; Vandierendonck et al., 2010). On the other hand, interference theory as proposed by Allport and Wylie (1999, 2000) sees performance costs associated with task switching from decreased interference from previously presented stimulus as a result of decay in the working memory. According to this perspective, increasing the time between subject response and the presentation of the next stimulus rather than allowing time to prepare for the next stimulus, results in lower switch cost and reaction times.