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Assessing Paediatric Development in Psychiatry
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The function and neuropsychological testing of memory hypotheses are twofold: is memory capacity finite or non-finite, and is it domain or non-domain specific? This is often investigated in normal subjects, or those with common deficits in memory, using dual task methods. This involves the presentation of auditory or visual stimuli to one side of the brain or the other in isolation, often using either the left or the right visual fields. Distracter stimuli of different modalities are added to limit the capacity of primary/short/working memory or long-term memory depending on which aspect is being explored. Work has been undertaken in patients with split-brain syndromes (a technique that was used as a treatment for intractable epilepsy in the past) and those with certain anatomical abnormalities in areas considered to be fundamental to normal memory function. Long-term memory is thought to be more a diffuse function that has been covered within the relevant sections: language, emotion, attention and executive functioning.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Limbic Encephalopathy in a Dysregulated Neuroimmune Network
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Patients with CFS have characteristic problems with the making of new memories, a process called “encoding.” This is a distinctly hippocampal function, and CFS patients have the classic neuropsychologic profile of hippocampal lesioning. Their learning is very subject to interference, and of a particular kind: “proactive interference,” when previously learned material interferes with the learning of new material, a process called “intrusion.” In order to make a memory, a person must attend to a stimulus, screen out irrelevant stimuli, register and encode the stimulus (short-term memory), compare it to previous experiences and emotions, and then store it into long-term memory, from which it should be able to be retrieved. The process of turning short-term into long-term memory is termed consolidation. For the last decade, hippocampal encoding has been known to involve excitatory amino acids (EAAs) such as glutamate and aspartate. EAAs are also involved in seizure kindling and neuronal damage after anoxia or other insults.20 It is unclear whether EAA agonists or antagonists would be beneficial in CFS; perhaps the problem is one of more subtle interrelationships between EAAs, cytokines, nerve growth factors, eicosanoids, neuropeptides, kinases, neurotransmitters, neurotoxic gene products, G proteins and nitric oxide (or other retrograde messengers).21,22
Formats of testing for cognition, affect, and psychomotor skills
Published in Claudio Violato, Assessing Competence in Medicine and Other Health Professions, 2018
Additionally, students should be continuously tested so as to capitalize on the testing effect. Using retrieval practice with testing—working memory to recall or retrieve facts or knowledge—is more effective than reviewing content or re-reading text. Long-term memory is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the information to-be-recalled. Testing practice produces better results than other forms of studying. Students who test themselves during learning or practice recall more than students who spend the same amount of time re-reading the complete information.
Learnings in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: what do we know?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Martina Giorgia Perinelli, Antonella Riva, Elisabetta Amadori, Roberta Follo, Pasquale Striano
Memory is a term for a wide range of phenomena that involves storing and retrieving information [22,23]. It can be divided into working memory, short-term and long-term memory. At three to six months, infants learn by novel stimuli that a movement evokes a response [23]. The memory system utilizes circuits within the limbic-diencephalic regions of the brain, together with neocortical regions [22,24]. The mesial portion of the temporal lobes, especially the hippocampus, plays a critical role in memorizing process. The DEEs may impair the development of memory skills and later lateralization [1,23,24]. Arski and colleagues [24] found out that children with epilepsy undergoing stereo electroencephalography intracranial monitoring were more likely to experience impaired hippocampal phase precision and longer reaction times during working memory tasks.
Red wine consumption mitigates the cognitive impairments in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr−/−) mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Gabriela Cristina De Paula, Jade de Oliveira, Daiane Fátima Engel, Samantha Cristiane Lopes, Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira, Claudia Pinto Figueiredo, Rui Daniel Prediger, Andreza Fabro de Bem
In 1900, Muller and Pilzecker proposed that the formation of permanent memory takes time and that during this period, memory remains vulnerable to disruption [34]. During memory formation, protein synthesis is thought to be required to transform newly learned information into stable synaptic modifications [34]. Therefore, the short-term memory refers to a phase that is independent of protein synthesis and lasts for about 1–3 h [35]. When evaluated in the OL and NOR tasks, the LDLr−/−mice that consumed only water, regardless of the diet, showed impaired spatial and recognition memory. Under the consumption of red wine, the short-term memory deficit observed in the animals was mitigated, as mice had normal performance in the OL and NOR tasks, having explored for a longer time the displaced and the novel object respectively, in relation to the familiar position and object. In contrast, the long-term memory refers to a protein-dependent phase that may last for days, weeks or even longer [36]. Red wine consumption also showed a significant effect on the long-term memory of the hypercholesterolemic mice, since the time spent in the platform zone in the water maze task was higher than the animals that consumed only water. The LDLr−/− mice that drunk red wine solution also swam for a longer period in the platform quadrant, including the group that underwent HCD.
Comparative study of the volume of the temporal lobe sections and neuropeptide effect in Alzheimer’s patients and healthy persons
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Emine Petekkaya, Gülen Burakgazi, Berna Kuş, İsmet Murat Melek, Abdullah Arpacı
Cognitive deficits in AD have been known to arise from progressive synaptic dysfunction that starts with amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation [28]. For this reason, researchers have looked for a relationship between Aβ and memory-related molecules. The process underlying long-term memory formation is called memory consolidation [29]. Consolidation depends on the activation of gene expression and long-term potentiation (LTP) is the molecular mechanism that explains this process [30]. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) plays long important roles in LTP [29,30]. CREB phosphorylation leads to the transcription of memory-related genes [29,30]. Previous studies have reported that CREB-mediated gene expression in the brain is impaired in AD, and several studies have shown that CREB-mediated transcription is down-regulated by Aβ [28,30,31]. Therefore, studies targeting the treatment of AD develop strategies that include these mechanisms. Among these approaches, there are recent studies in which OT is at the center. It has been shown that OT can mediate the recovery of LTP degraded by Aβ [32]. OT infusion reversed the Aβ-induced degradation of LTP in mouse hippocampal slices [32]. Plasma OT levels, which we found decreased in the AD group, support these approaches.