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Psychological Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Harrison Howarth, Jim Bolton, Gary Bell
The two most common types of dementia in the elderly are Alzheimer's disease (50%) and vascular dementia (25%). The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown, but genetic factors appear to be involved. Vascular dementia results from cerebral ischaemic changes due to hypertension, generalized atherosclerosis or stroke. Other less common causes of dementia include Lewy body disease, frontotemporal dementia and other intracranial pathologies.
Traditional Malay Ulam for Healthy Ageing
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
Jamia Azdina Jamal, Khairana Husain
Dementia is a disorder characterized by a decrease in memory, thinking, behaviour and ability to perform daily activities (WHO 2020). The most common form of dementia is neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease, followed by vascular dementia which is caused by reduced blood supply to the brain due to hypertension and atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study that conveniently sampled elderly adults from low-income families who are more likely to have cognitive decline showed a positive correlation between consuming ulam and working memory and cognitive flexibility (You et al. 2019). Eating at least one serving of ulam per day improves nutritional status, mood and cognitive abilities (You et al. 2020).
Managing care at the end of life
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 496,000 people in the UK. The term ‘dementia’ describes a set of symptoms, which can include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning.
Streptozotocin mechanisms and its role in rodent models for Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mazzura Wan Chik, Nur Adiilah Ramli, Nurul Aqmar Mohamad Nor Hazalin, Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh
The term dementia is used to describe conditions and diseases associated with a decline in memory, language use, problem-solving, and other common daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major leading cause of dementia, comprising 60–80% of all such cases. The prevalence of AD increases with age: 10% of AD cases are individuals over 65 years of age, a percentage that increases to 50% in those over 85. However, AD has been reported in far younger individuals in their twenties, where it has been linked to genetic mutation. It has been predicted that by 2050, the number of global AD cases will reach 131 million, with the majority occurring in developing countries. AD may also result in secondary complications (mainly pulmonary embolisms and cardiovascular problems) that eventually lead to death (Liu et al. 2019).
The ongoing discussion on termination of life on request. A review from a German/European perspective
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
The question whether EAS should be offered to people with mental disorders (Calkins and Swetz 2019; Kious and Battin 2019; Nicolini et al. 2019; Vathorst 2019; Żuradzki and Nowak 2019; Schneeberger et al. 2020) is important for several reasons, including the fact that on the one hand many mental disorders are associated with serious suffering, but on the other hand they are functional disorders with a fluctuating course. Even if a patient has chronic depression, the possibility remains that at some time, perhaps after months or years, the patient’s mental state will change or new treatments will become available that offer new opportunities, e.g., the recent introduction of esketamine as an intranasal spray. The situation with dementia is different because this disease is mostly characterised by progressive deterioration, e.g., Alzheimer’s dementia (Bolt et al. 2016; Cleemput and Schoenmakers 2019; Picard et al. 2019; Mangino et al. 2020). There is also the problem that the mental disorder itself may drive the patient to request euthanasia because, for example, depressive feelings and thinking prevent the patient from imagining a potentially positive future or because psychotic ideas, such as melancholic delusions or hallucinations, tell the patient that self-killing is necessary. Of great importance is that the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric patients requesting EAS is supervised by a psychiatrist. When making the final decision about euthanasia, careful consideration has to be given to the question whether the person is able to give consent (Calabro et al. 2016; Varelius 2016; Zhong et al. 2019).
MindMate: A single case experimental design study of a reminder system for people with dementia
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Claire McGoldrick, Stephanie Crawford, Jonathan J. Evans
Taking into consideration the impact of prospective memory difficulties on people with dementia, it is important to identify appropriate interventions to address these difficulties. While there is currently no cure available for dementia, there is an increasing emphasis on early diagnosis to enable access to interventions that focus on improving independence and quality of life (BPS, 2016). Appropriate support can have a significant impact on the degree to which someone is able to manage their condition over time and live independently, delaying the need for care home or hospital admission, which adds savings to the health economy (Knapp, Iemmi, & Romeo, 2013). It also reduces both individual and caregiver distress (Jamieson, Cullen, McGee-Lennon, Brewster, & Evans, 2017).