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Attention
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Also, auditory tasks can be used to assess stroop effect, where a person is asked to respond to one perceptual feature of a word (e.g., speaker gender, voice pitch, stimulus location) while ignoring an irrelevant or conflicting semantic information, (e.g., man spoken by a woman, low in a high pitched voice, right heard in the left ear).
Neuropsychological Assessment in Elderly People
Published in José León-Carrión, Margaret J. Giannini, Behavioral Neurology in the Elderly, 2001
José León-Carrión, Juan Manuel Barroso y Martín
The first and second subtests introduce patients to the mechanics of this test and evaluate their visual capacity and minimum reading levels, necessary to performance of the rest of the subtests. The third and fourth subtests evaluate the Stroop effect; the patient only need respond to one of the stimulus characteristics (color of the writing or the word written), inhibiting the other. In the last four subtests, the same procedure is followed as for those previously mentioned, depending on whether the answer requested is the color in which the words are written, omitting their content, or the word itself, ignoring the color in which it is written. The only difference between these subtests is that they use monocular vision, the fifth and sixth covering the right eye, and the seventh and eighth covering the left eye.
Exhaustion disorder and altered brain activity in frontal cortex detected with fNIRS
Published in Stress, 2021
Simon Skau, Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir, Anna Sjörs Dahlman, Birgitta Johansson, H. Georg Kuhn
For the MFS, the Mann–Whitney U test was applied and for the OPATUS-CPT an independent t-test was used. For the Stroop–Simon test, mean reaction time for each stimulus type for each participant was used, and we analyzed the Stroop effect (congruent, incongruent) and Time (test, retest) as within-subject variables. This excluded trials with omissions (more than three seconds after stimulus without an answer), error trials, trial markers set after an error and condition-specific outlier values that were greater than 2 SDs from the mean. The null hypothesis for the between-subject factor was as follows: there is no difference between patient and controls in the performance on the neuropsychological tests. The null hypothesis for the within-subject factor Time was as follows: there is no difference in performance on the neuropsychological test between the first test and the retest. The null hypothesis for the within-subject factor Stroop effect was as follows: there is no difference in response time between congruent and incongruent trials.
Second-generation long-acting injections anti-psychotics improve executive functions in patients with schizophrenia: a 12-month real-world study
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2020
Fabio Magliocco, Renato de Filippis, Matteo Aloi, Filippo Antonio Staltari, Raffaele Gaetano, Cristina Segura-Garcia, Pasquale De Fazio
Stroop Colour and Word Test (SCWT): a cognitive test that measures interference control, verbal speed, flexibility and attention (Golden 1978). Patients are asked to read aloud as many text strings as possible (maximum is 100) in 45s under 3 different conditions. In the first condition the strings consist of the names of three colours (‘blue’; ‘red’; ‘green’), printed in black; in the second condition the text strings consist of four Xs (XXXX) printed in red, blue or green (the order of colours is random across trials) and the task is to name the colour in which the text string is displayed. In the third condition the text strings consist of colours (as in condition 1), but they are now displayed in a different colour (e.g. the word ‘red’ is printed in blue ink). The interference in this condition should increase response latencies and/or errors (Stroop effect), and these changes provide an index of cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is measured as the difference between the number of strings read in the third condition minus the product of the strings read in the first and the second conditions divided by the sum of the strings read in first and second sessions (C – A × B/A + B).
Benefit of Practice of the Stroop Test in Young and Older Adults: Pattern of Gain and Impact of Educational Level
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2020
Lucile Burger, Séverine Fay, Lucie Angel, Erika Borella, Nicolas Noiret, Pierrich Plusquellec, Laurence Taconnat
The performance in the Stroop task has been shown to vary as a function of an individual (Kane & Engle, 2003). While a number of studies have found that the Stroop test interference effect is greater in older than in young adults (e.g., Houx, Jolles, & Vreeling, 1993), others failed to find the age-related difference (Kieley & Hartley, 1997; Li & Bosman, 1996). However, it remains that the empirical evidence regarding the consistency of age-related differences in the Stroop effect is largely found in the literature (Angel et al., 2018; Bestgen & Van der Linden, 2001; Bruyer & Scailquin, 1999; Hartman & Hasher, 1991; Noiret, Vigneron, Diogo, Vandel, & Laurent, 2017; Panek, Rush, & Slade, 1984; Spieler, Balota, & Faust, 1996; West & Baylis, 1998, but see Rey-Mermet & Gade, 2018; Verhaeghen & De Meersman, 1998, for meta-analyses suggesting contrary results). Furthermore, evidence has been found that age differences in the Stroop task are greater in blocked rather than item by item protocols (Ludwig, Borella, Tettamanti, & De Ribaupierre, 2010). Overall, this is consistent with the hypothesis of an age-related inhibitory deficit (e.g., Hasher & Zacks, 1988).