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Pathology, Neurobiology, and Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh, Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
Juan C. Troncoso, Barbara J. Crain, Sangram S. Sisodia, Donald L. Price
In hippocampus and medial temporal lobe, abnormalities occur in pyramidal neurons, particularly those of entorhinal cortex and hippocampal areas CA1 and CA2,14,17,18,49,57 as well as in neurons of the amygdala.17,60,61 Recent stereological studies of hippocampus in AD have shown that the most distinctive abnormality is age-independent loss of neurons in CA1 region.18 Lesions of entorhinal cortex and other limbic structures, potentially important in the genesis of memory impairments, may serve to disconnect hippocampus and neocortex.16,62
Experimental Models of Status Epilepticus
Published in Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson, Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
Pilocarpine-induced SE results in extensive brain damage similar to what has been observed after kainic acid.12,13,81 When brains are examined 24 to 27 h after the pilocarpine injection, damage is found in the olfactory cortex, the amygdaloid complex, thalamus, neocortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra.12,81 Extreme damage, characterized by shrunken neuronal cell bodies with swollen edematous neuropil, is present in the anterior olfactory, pyriform, and entorhinal cortex. The basal amygdala and ventral hippocampus are particularly sensitive. In the dorsal hippocampus the majority of the damage occurs in CA3 and the dentate hilus while in the ventral hippocampus most of the damage occurs in CA3 and CA1. Neocortical cell loss occurs mostly in layer 2 and layer 3, with some cell loss in layer 5. The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra is also extensively damaged.13
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
♦ 6. Does the primary olfactory cortex include a portion of the uncal cortex only, or also the rest of the uncal cortex?cortex accompanying the lateral olfactory stria—such as the lateral olfactory gyrus and/or cortex of the limen insulae?the entorhinal cortex?part of the amygdala?
Use of multisensory stimulation interventions in the treatment of major neurocognitive disorders
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Catherine Cheng, Glen B. Baker, Serdar M. Dursun
Sensory information is transmitted via neuronal networks to the brain, which interprets the internal and external environment [12]. With normal aging, a decline in sensory capacity for touch, smell, hearing, vision and taste is present. Sensory dysfunction promotes pathological disturbances in the locus coeruleus, basal forebrain, entorhinal cortex (ERC), hippocampus, key areas of the neocortex and brainstem [14]. Progressive neuronal loss in major neurocognitive disorders may also lead to impaired processing of sensory stimuli, making normal stimuli confusing and resulting in symptoms of BPSD [3]. Maintaining multisensory integration capabilities is a growing area of interest. Evidence suggests that despite deterioration in individual sensory systems, maintenance of or an increase in multisensory integration processing may be found in aging individuals.
Time Reproduction Deficits at Young Adult Follow-Up in Childhood ADHD: The Role of Persistence of Disorder and Executive Functioning
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2019
Russell A. Barkley, Mariellen Fischer
Reproduction errors are inversely related to estimation errors (Wittmann & Paulus, 2007). Individuals who overestimate a sample time duration usually under-reproduce that time interval when requested to do so. This relationship reflects the subjective sense that time durations are progressing more slowly than is actually the case, perhaps due to errors in an internal clock or time keeping mechanism (Gilden & Marusich, 2009; Wittmann & Paulus, 2007). That mechanism is likely located in the lateral entorhinal cortex adjacent to the hippocampus and near the temporal poles (Tsao et al., 2018). Impaired sense of time and the internal clock contributing to it also may be linked to impaired dopamine dynamics in the brain (Gilden & Marusich, 2009). Dopaminergic problems are routinely associated with ADHD and underlie the rationale for and utility of psychostimulant medications in its management. In short, ADHD is related to a reliably inaccurate and highly variable perception of time, and especially its reproduction (Coghill et al., 2018; Norieka et al., 2013), that may reflect impairment in a central time keeping mechanism and may be related to disturbed dopamine dynamics associated with ADHD.
Alpha adrenergic receptors have role in the inhibitory effect of electrical low frequency stimulation on epileptiform activity in rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Mahmoud Rezaei, Nooshin Ahmadirad, Zahra Ghasemi, Amir Shojaei, Mohammad Reza Raoufy, Victoria Barkley, Yaghoub Fathollahi, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
All experimental procedures, including brain slice preparation and whole cell recording, are described elsewhere [11]. Briefly, subjects were anesthetized by CO2 inhalation and sacrificed. Each subject’s brain was rapidly extracted, then immersed in ice-cold, cutting artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF).The cutting solution contained (in mM): 238 sucrose, 0.5 CaCl2, 2.5 KCl, 2 MgSO4, 26.2 NaHCO3, 1 NaH2PO4 and 11 D-glucose. Four hundred μm transverse slices were prepared by a vibroslicer (Leica VT1200, USA). Each slice contained both the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex from the right hemisphere. We kept the entorhinal cortex, because of its critical role in seizure generation and epileptiform activity (EA).