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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus has a key role in regulating circadian rhythms. The neocortex is the largest part of the cerebral cortex and is the outermost layer that covers the structures of the brain.
Ayurveda and COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Dr Paul Maclean, in his Theory of the Triune Brain, describes the three stages of evolution of the brain, namely, reptilian, mammalian, and neocortex. The reptilian and mammalian brains are designed to take care of the physical and physiological needs. The neocortex is responsible for creativity, innovation, love, compassion, altruism, and all the human qualities that give meaning to human life. Indian and Chinese philosophies have studied the human mind in-depth. There is a lot that one can learn from these ancient cultures. Recent research in genetics and endocrinology has unearthed the brilliant design of nature that helps the individual to discover himself and give meaning to life. The main motivators of human life are pleasure, happiness, and joy. Understanding these will provide the key to happy living. This will help us shift our focus from mental illness to mental wellness, and, further, to the joy of living.
Syntax, Semantics and Qualia in Consciousness
Published in Max R. Bennett, The Idea of Consciousness, 2020
Neuroscience has shown that different parts of the neocortex, the mantle of the brain, process different aspects of our experience of the world and of our reactions to those experiences. For example, the process of determining the shape of an object from the way it is shaded or the way that it moves is known to occur in an area of the neocortex that lies just in front of the primary visual cortex (compare Figure 2.6B with Figure 2.6A). Figure 2.6A shows the neocortex in a side view; several different regions are delineated that process different sensory modalities, such as smell (olfaction), sound (audition), touch (somatosensory) and sight (vision). Also shown is the area of the neocortex that is responsible for movement of the limbs (motor).
EEG coherence and power spectra during REM sleep related to melatonin intake in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Manuel Alejandro Cruz-Aguilar, Ignacio Ramírez-Salado, Marisela Hernández-González, Miguel Angel Guevara, Ana Paula Rivera-García
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular senile plaques of aggregated β-amyloid and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, containing mainly the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau [1]. There is evidence that AD is associated with a broad loss of synaptic density and the degeneration of cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways [2]. Brain regions associated with cognition, particularly the neocortex and hippocampus, are affected by the pathology of AD [3]. Another structure that is also significantly affected in AD is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus [4], which transmits the luminous information received by the retina toward the pineal gland [5] and plays a central role in the daily programming of organismic functions by regulating oscillations of the internal milieu and synchronizing them to changes in day-night cycles. The SCN regulates the sleep-wake cycle [6], so disorders in this cycle are frequent in AD patients and have a significant impact, as well, on caregivers. They also represent a major risk for early institutionalization [7]. There is evidence that AD patients show prolonged sleep latency [8], an increased number of awakenings, and prolonged periods of wakefulness after sleep onset [9, 10].
The molecular structure and biological functions of RNA methylation, with special emphasis on the roles of RNA methylation in autoimmune diseases
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Wanwan Zhou, Xiao Wang, Jun Chang, Chenglong Cheng, Chenggui Miao
m6A methylation-modifying enzymes and binding proteins affect the nervous system, including neural stem cells, learning and memory, brain development, and axon growth, and is involved in glioblastoma [76,77]. RNA methylation plays an important role in oligodendrocyte development and myelination in the central nervous system [78]. The deletion of METTL14 in an oligodendrocyte cell line results in the abnormal splicing of several RNA transcripts. For example, METTL14 deletion differentially alters the alternative splicing and expression of Nfasc155. METTL14 knockout also results in a decreased number of oligodendrocytes and decreased myelin sheath in the central nervous system, although the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells is normal [79]. The METTL3-METTL14 complex is an important regulator of cortical neurogenesis. Deletion of the m6A reader protein YTHDF2 in the embryonic neocortex seriously affects the self-renewal of neural stem/progenitor cells and the spatiotemporal generation of neurons. YTHDF2 regulates neural development by promoting the degradation of m6A dependent neurodevelopmental of related mRNA targets [80].
The future orientation of constructive memory: An evolutionary perspective on therapeutic hypnosis and brief psychotherapy
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
Ernest Rossi, Roxanna Erickson-Klein, Kathryn Rossi
More recently Ji and Wilson (2007) confirmed new details of how during SW- sleep, neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus engage in a dialogue to replay memories and integrate new learning. Neuroscientists initially believed that new memories were first recorded in the hippocampus and later transferred to the neocortex for long-term storage. We now know that this process is not just a simple transfer of memory, however. Rather, the neocortex asks the hippocampus to replay events that contain new and novel images, places or sounds. The neocortex then updates its models of the world, to create narratives about how and why things are happening now and probably in the future. We propose that this dialogue between the neocortex and the hippocampus in SW and REM sleep are a naturalistic model for Erickson’s neuro-psycho-physiological utilization of a future and constructive orientation in therapeutic hypnosis and brief psychotherapy.