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Application of 3D Level Set based Optimization in Microwave Breast Imaging for Cancer Detection
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Level Set Method in Medical Imaging Segmentation, 2019
Hardik N. Patel, Deepak K. Ghodgaonkar
Microwave imaging is based on the first property of tumour cells. Positron emission tomography (PET) is based on the third property of tumour cells. Thermography is based on the fourth property of tumour cells. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is based on the sixth property of tumour cells. Of these techniques, microwave imaging is the most promising [2].
Polymer Gel Dosimetry
Published in Ben Mijnheer, Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy, 2017
Physical properties such as the young elasticity modulus and electrical conductivity are affected by the radiation-induced formation of polymer aggregates and create potential for other scanning techniques such as elastography (Oudry et al., 2009) and electrical impedance tomography (Kao et al., 2008).
Energy Medicine: Focus on Nonthermal Electromagnetic Therapies
Published in Len Wisneski, The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
Len Wisneski, Bernard O. Williams
In recent years, the increase in instrument power and sophistication has permitted the visualization of body energy beyond the boundary of the skin. Superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUID, routinely detect magnetic signals from the brain, heart, and other endogenous current sources. Chapter 6 presents the finding that SQUID measurements have demonstrated energetic effects emanating from the hands of QiGong Masters. This and similar technologies have focused on particular subsystems of the body; however, an application of multi-instrument computerized tomography potentially might be capable of synthesizing subsystem measurements into a representation of Liboff's electrogenomic composite field vector. In a review of progress in magnetoencephalography (MEG), an imaging technique that measures magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain, Ioannides, a leader in the field of magnetic field imaging, concluded that: “a noninvasive and truly functional imaging capability of the brain and body is within reach” (Ioannides, 1994). Although the precise way to achieve this integration is unclear, Ioannides suggests that combining information from regular and functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, MEG, and EEG would surely contribute to studies of the mind. Similarly, James Oschman proposes that recent developments in electrical impedance tomography assessments of the electronic properties of living matter may soon be capable of visualizing human energy (IEEE, 2002, Oschman, 2004). As mentioned, later in this chapter, two additional innovations in bioelectrical impedance assessments, the SEQEX and EIS systems, will be reviewed.
Real-time estimation of lesion depth and control of radiofrequency ablation within ex vivo animal tissues using a neural network
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Yearnchee Curtis Wang, Terence Chee-Hung Chan, Alan Varteres Sahakian
As of late 2017, there is quite a significant amount of work done by the scientific community to develop techniques for monitoring the progress of RFA treatment and lesion depths in real time. These techniques utilise changes in tissue properties undergoing thermal ablation, including electrical, acoustic and optical behaviours. Electrical impedance tomography uses surface electrodes surrounding the tissue under evaluation to measure impedance paths that are reconstructed into tissue electrical conductivity to provide lesion depth images that can be 90%+ accurate [4,6–8]. While data collection is quick, reconstruction is complex due to the requirement of solving the ill-posed three-dimensional inverse problem [6–8]. Thus, computing a single EIT-based lesion depth map requires time on the order of seconds (time increases with accuracy from ≥ 2 s for 70% accuracy to ≥ 100 s for 90%+ accuracy) and ≥ 1 gigabyte of memory on ×86 processor-based workstations, despite many strides in the speed of reconstruction algorithms [6–8]. Recently, Nakagami-based ultrasound imaging using conventional pulse-echo systems, instead of custom elastic strain systems, has been shown to provide 94% accuracy for monitoring RFA lesions in liver tissues in real-time (0.5–1.0 s compute time on ×86 workstations), but these systems cannot image muscular tissue [5]. Optoacoustic imaging, a combination of optical and acoustic techniques, uses pulses of lasers to excite tissue and ultrasonic sensor arrays to record acoustic emissions from these light pulses [9,10]. While optoacoustic methods are 95%+ accurate in the mm scale, construction of the three-dimensional lesion depth map from the data requires computation on the order of ≥ 400 s [9,10]. Despite the high accuracy and possibility of real-time data collection from these current RFA monitoring methods, it is not yet possible to compute lesion depth maps for all soft tissues in real-time using standard embedded system hardware.
Personalized medicine targeting different ARDS phenotypes: The future of pharmacotherapy for ARDS?
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Florian Blanchard, Arthur James, Mona Assefi, Natacha Kapandji, Jean-Michel Constantin
The gold standard of morphological classification is based on dynamic computed tomography (assessment of recruitability by calculating the percentage of non-aerated lung volume at PEEP 5cmH2O that becomes aerated when set at 45cmH2O) [116]. Nevertheless, the computed tomography is not always accessible because of respiratory severity. This risk of complications probably explains why only 35% of the patients included in the LIVE study received a computed tomography, the others being classified on a simple chest radiograph. Compared with CT or lung ultrasound, chest radiography is less effective in diagnosing an interstitial syndrome or alveolar consolidation, with multiple concerns about its abilities to diagnose ARDS [117,118]. Lung ultrasound may be of value in this context. Routine use of lung ultrasound in patients with ARDS significantly reduces the number of CT scans and chest radiographs [119]. Mapping of lung lesions can be achieved by ‘slicing’ the rib cage into 12 ultrasound quadrants. The analysis of each quadrant allows the calculation of a score: the Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS) [120]. Recently, two studies evaluated the value of a lung ultrasound in assessing the morphologic phenotype of ARDS. Costamagna et al. showed that a LUS score greater than 3 in the anterior regions of the lung had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% for identifying non-focal ARDS (AUC 0.96) [121]. Pierrakos et al. confirmed these results [28]. The anterior LUS regions showed to be the most discriminant between focal and non-focal lung morphology. Eventually, investigation of the usefulness of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) will be required. Electrical impedance tomography allows the diagnosis of normally ventilated lung areas from non-ventilated areas. Contrary to a lung ultrasound, EIT allows for appreciation of the alveolar recruitment, but also the overdistension induced by a recruitment maneuver [122]. It could, therefore, be an interesting technique to differentiate patients with focal or non-focal ARDS, but still needs to be evaluated [123].