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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Divyani Jigyasu, Sunil Kumar, Rajveer Singh Shekhawat, Shally Vats
Medical imaging is a process that obtains pictures of the human body. It can help in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. It may also be used to track many clinical issues and may help in treatment planning. Medical imaging modalities incorporate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), X-ray and positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Research in medical image processing mainly targets the extraction of important features that might be difficult to assess with the naked eye.
X-Ray Computed Tomography and Nanomaterials as Contrast Agents for Tumor Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
Over the last decades, there have been rapid progresses in X-ray imaging, especially with computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, such as tumors, cardiovascular diseases, etc. X ray-computed tomography (X-ray CT) is the second most efficient and cost-effective imaging modality after optical imaging. X-ray CT is one of the proficient medical imaging modality using tomography generated by computer processing. Digital geometry processing creates a three-dimensional (3D) image of the interior of the body from a two-dimensional (2D) X-ray image. CT generates data, which could be operated, through ‘windowing’ process, to determine structures based on blocking X-ray beam. Apart from medicine, CT is also used for non-destructive materials testing. For example, in archeological field, X-ray CT is used for imaging the contents of sarcophagi, or the DigiMorph project that uses a CT scanner to study biological and paleontological specimens.
Principles behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established medical imaging technique, traditionally associated with excellent soft-tissue contrast properties. Current clinical MRI systems provide not only morphological information throughout the body, but also a number of advanced techniques related to tissue and organ function, physiology, and microstructure.
Age effects on radiation response: summary of a recent symposium and future perspectives
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Mark P. Little, Alina V. Brenner, Eric J. Grant, Hiromi Sugiyama, Dale L. Preston, Ritsu Sakata, John Cologne, Raquel Velazquez-Kronen, Mai Utada, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Kotaro Ozasa, John D. Olson, Gregory O. Dugan, Simonetta Pazzaglia, J. Mark Cline, Kimberly E. Applegate
Fetal cancer risk from radiation exposures at 14 days post-conception to birth is not considered dependent on fetal age, although evidence exists from animal studies of increased risk at later pregnancy stage. Most of the information from epidemiologic data comes from the Japanese in utero cohort (2463 individuals) and the OSCC, a large case-control follow-up study of people that were exposed in utero to pelvimetry radiographs (Stewart et al. 1956; Bithell and Stewart 1975), but there is also information from several groups receiving clinical diagnostic and environmental exposures (Wakeford and Bithell 2021; Little et al. 2022a, 2022b). Recent follow-up in the Japanese cohort demonstrated that females in late adulthood continue to have excess mortality risk for solid cancer, although males do not (Sugiyama et al. 2021). The comprehensive review by Wakeford and Bithell (Wakeford and Bithell 2021) of the in utero medical exposures concludes that radiation increased the risk of leukemia and most common childhood cancers. In the OSCC, they estimated the unadjusted excess relative risk of fatal cancer associated with medical diagnostic radiation to be about 1.4–1.5 (up to age 15 years). Similar relative risks were observed in a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies (Little et al. 2022b). The estimated pelvimetry doses (on average, 10 mGy) from many decades ago are similar to modern, and optimized, single pass CT scans of the abdomen. Therefore, there may be opportunities to understand fetal risks from epidemiological studies of pregnant women undergoing medical imaging.
Prognostic role of pre-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomic analysis in effectively cured head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Salvatore Alfieri, Rebecca Romanò, Marco Bologna, Giuseppina Calareso, Valentina Corino, Aurora Mirabile, Andrea Ferri, Luca Bellanti, Tito Poli, Alessandra Marcantoni, Enrica Grosso, Achille Tarsitano, Salvatore Battaglia, Fulvia Blengio, Iolanda De Martino, Sara Valerini, Stefania Vecchio, Antonella Richetti, Letizia Deantonio, Francesco Martucci, Alberto Grammatica, Marco Ravanelli, Toni Ibrahim, Damiano Caruso, Laura Deborah Locati, Ester Orlandi, Paolo Bossi, Luca Mainardi, Lisa F. Licitra
Modalities and timing of FUP for effectively cured HNSCC patients are not standardized [5]. So far, only few retrospective studies have been comparing a routine intensive (clinical plus radiological) to a self-reported, symptom-driven, FUP approach without definite conclusions [6]; therefore, different FUP programs have been proposed by international guidelines. For instance, current published American guidelines (National Comprehensive Cancer Network [NCCN]) do not routinely recommend further imaging for asymptomatic patients after having assessed the disease complete remission (CR) at 6 months since treatment end [7]; in this regard, a multicenter, randomized, prospective trial (HETeCo) has been designed and is currently being conducted, with the aims of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of two different FUP strategies (symptom-driven vs. intensive) in effectively cured advanced head and neck cancer. Within such background, the identification of biomarkers able to predict cancer recurrence is eagerly advocated to better tailor HNSCC treatment and FUP modalities. Radiomics, defined as the high throughput extraction of quantitative features or texture from medical imaging (e.g., computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and positron emission tomography [PET]), can be effectively applied for these purposes, as radiological images are routinely and noninvasively obtained in any standard process of cancer management.
Device profile of exAblate Neuro 4000, the leading system for brain magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound technology: an overview of its safety and efficacy in the treatment of medically refractory essential tremor
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Ayesha Jameel, Peter Bain, Dipankar Nandi, Brynmor Jones, Wladyslaw Gedroyc
Diagnostic ultrasound, as used in medical imaging, typically utilizes 5–10 cm transducers containing up to 250 piezo-electric elements positioned to create a straight or divergent ultrasound beam operating at frequencies of 2–20 megahertz. MRgFUS uses the ExAblate Neuro 4000 transducer, a 30 cm hemispheric transducer containing 1024 elements placed to create a convergent beam operating at 650kilohertz. These low frequency but high-power ultrasound beams converge onto a single target site, (Figure 4) here the sonic energy becomes thermal energy which causes protein denaturation resulting in thermal coagulative necrosis i.e. there is tissue destruction at the focal spot. It has been demonstrated that therapeutic thermal ablation of tissue occurs when temperatures above 56 Celsius are maintained for 1 second. [5] MRgFUS allows tissue destruction in deep tissue using thermal ablation of a specific target tissue without the need for an incision or ionizing radiation. MRgFUS technology therefore can produce precision surgery in a completely noninvasive manner.