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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Divyani Jigyasu, Sunil Kumar, Rajveer Singh Shekhawat, Shally Vats
Medical imaging is a process that obtains pictures of the human body. It can help in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. It may also be used to track many clinical issues and may help in treatment planning. Medical imaging modalities incorporate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), X-ray and positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Research in medical image processing mainly targets the extraction of important features that might be difficult to assess with the naked eye.
Acute abdomen in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Nicole Fearing, William L. Holcomb
With the fetal effects of radiation to consider, it is important to understand what imaging modalities are available and safe. While there may be anxiety in using some radiologic modalities, it is important to remember that the greatest danger to both fetus and mother may be delay in diagnosis.
Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy
Published in Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene, Obstetric Emergencies, 2021
Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Aflah Sadikeen
The diagnosis of DVT and PE in pregnancy is difficult due to the following reasons.The clinical features of PE, such as shortness of breath, tachycardia and a feature of DVT which includes leg swelling could be attributable to normal physiological changes that manifest during pregnancy.Wells criteria (a pretest probability assessment done to rule out PE using a combination of symptoms and signs) cannot be used in pregnancy because pregnant women were excluded from the analysis.D-dimers begin to rise during the second trimester and remain elevated for 4–6 weeks postpartum as a physiological response to pregnancy.Imaging, especially for a diagnosis of PE, involves exposure (although negligible) of the fetus to radiation, and also increases the risk of breast cancer in the woman.
Development of a navigable 3D virtual model of temporal bone anatomy
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2023
A CT or CAT (Computer Axial Tomography) scan, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging test which uses modified x-ray technology to generate cross-sectional images of the body or a body part from different positions. It involves selective exposure of the patient to radiation. This data is then used to create detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. CT scans help identify any tumours, blood clots, fractures, or other abnormalities that are indicative of trauma or any underlying pathology. A narrow X-ray beam circles around and selectively penetrates the part of the body being inspected. Instead of a film, the X-rays are picked up by special detectors, that are located directly opposite to the x-ray source, and transmitted to a computer (Brennan 2010). The computer uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms to assemble 2D cross-sectional images or slices. Recent growth in software technology has enabled us to easily construct 3D volumes from 2D CT images. 3D CT allows simultaneous navigation in all three planes, thereby providing greater flexibility than conventional planar X-rays (Fatterpekar et al. 2006). It is currently used in areas such as trauma, tumours, and craniofacial deformities, to simulate the morphology of body parts.
Age effects on radiation response: summary of a recent symposium and future perspectives
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Mark P. Little, Alina V. Brenner, Eric J. Grant, Hiromi Sugiyama, Dale L. Preston, Ritsu Sakata, John Cologne, Raquel Velazquez-Kronen, Mai Utada, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Kotaro Ozasa, John D. Olson, Gregory O. Dugan, Simonetta Pazzaglia, J. Mark Cline, Kimberly E. Applegate
Fetal cancer risk from radiation exposures at 14 days post-conception to birth is not considered dependent on fetal age, although evidence exists from animal studies of increased risk at later pregnancy stage. Most of the information from epidemiologic data comes from the Japanese in utero cohort (2463 individuals) and the OSCC, a large case-control follow-up study of people that were exposed in utero to pelvimetry radiographs (Stewart et al. 1956; Bithell and Stewart 1975), but there is also information from several groups receiving clinical diagnostic and environmental exposures (Wakeford and Bithell 2021; Little et al. 2022a, 2022b). Recent follow-up in the Japanese cohort demonstrated that females in late adulthood continue to have excess mortality risk for solid cancer, although males do not (Sugiyama et al. 2021). The comprehensive review by Wakeford and Bithell (Wakeford and Bithell 2021) of the in utero medical exposures concludes that radiation increased the risk of leukemia and most common childhood cancers. In the OSCC, they estimated the unadjusted excess relative risk of fatal cancer associated with medical diagnostic radiation to be about 1.4–1.5 (up to age 15 years). Similar relative risks were observed in a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies (Little et al. 2022b). The estimated pelvimetry doses (on average, 10 mGy) from many decades ago are similar to modern, and optimized, single pass CT scans of the abdomen. Therefore, there may be opportunities to understand fetal risks from epidemiological studies of pregnant women undergoing medical imaging.
Biotherapeutic effect of cell-penetrating peptides against microbial agents: a review
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Idris Zubairu Sadiq, Aliyu Muhammad, Sanusi Bello Mada, Bashiru Ibrahim, Umar Aliyu Umar
Scientists must incorporate noninvasive strategies to integrate imaging technology with cellular and molecular biology techniques capable of collecting real-time data and observations of pathological conditions.137 CPPs in combination with other imaging agents must be able to produce high Image quality for the overall success in diagnosis. The most current available methods for generating imaging for clinical diagnosis includes X-ray, computed tomography imaging, optical imaging, radionuclide imaging (PET and SPECT), ultrasound imaging (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).138 Activating CPPs (ACPPs) is an appropriate approach for imaging and curing disease states usually associated with linker-cleaving activities such as extracellular proteases. These ACPPS are formed by the interaction of polycationic and polyanionic domains and have been used in tumor imaging.139