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Quality Assurance of Nuclear Medicine Systems
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
In addition to imaging equipment, dose calibrators (activity meters) also perform a key role in nuclear medicine. In the imaging process, dose calibrators determine the radiation dose we give to our patients and also help ensure that we give an appropriate activity of radiopharmaceutical to achieve a diagnostic image. It is essential therefore that these instruments are part of the quality assurance process.
Special Considerations in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Søren Holm, Liselotte Højgaard, Lise Borgwardt
Nuclear medicine examinations may be performed on blood samples or using imaging equipment. The modalities in nuclear medicine include planar imaging with a gamma camera, SPECT or SPECT/CT scans and PET, PET/CT, or PET/MRI scans. Planar imaging with a gamma camera yields two-dimensional images, whereas both SPECT and PET yield three-dimensional images of the patient. Common to these examinations is the use of radiopharmaceuticals. The actual image acquisition, however, differs greatly between the modalities. Both planar imaging and SPECT imaging are based on single photon emissions, whereas PET is based on the 511 keV photon pair emitted as a result of an annihilation event between a positron and an electron.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
David Towey, Lisa Rowley, Debbie Peet
Nuclear Medicine involves the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radioactive materials. In the NHS, approximately 0.6 million Nuclear Medicine diagnostic tests, including positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), are conducted in England each year (NHS England 2019). Historically, scientists were encouraged to specialise in either Nuclear Medicine or Diagnostic Radiology using X-rays. However, with increasing adoption of hybrid imaging techniques, the boundary between disciplines has become blurred. Within the Clinical Scientist training programme, this specialism is referred to more generally as “Imaging with Ionising radiation”. This chapter describes the role of the Clinical Scientist working in Nuclear Medicine.
Trends in diagnosis, referral, red flag onset, patient profiles and natural outcome of de novo cardiac amyloidosis and their multidisciplinary implications
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Philippe Debonnaire, Mathias Claeys, Maarten De Smet, Sander Trenson, Michelle Lycke, Catherine Demeester, Jan Van Droogenbroeck, An S. De Vriese, Kristof Verhoeven, Nikolaas Vantomme, Jan Van Meirhaeghe, Barbara Willandt, Margareta Lambert, Pascale de Paepe, Joost Delanote, Frank De Geeter, Rene Tavernier
Present study reveals a diagnostic surge of CA, mainly ATTR subtype, driven by an increased non-invasive approach. Trends towards increased external, specialist and nuclear medicine referrals are noted, although specific referral (to rule out CA) remains low and diagnostic time lag from symptom onset did not decrease. Diagnostic red flags, including LV hypertrophy, heart failure and tenosynovial disorders were highly prevalent and typically preceded diagnosis by many years, suggesting long indolent amyloid course with persistent disease unawareness. LV hypertrophy presence in CA, however, is not unequivocal, probably reflecting earlier disease stages. The majority of CA patients present with heart failure syndrome, reflecting late diagnosis and referral, and a prominent proportion of patients has coincident hypertensive disease. Consequently, overall CA natural history remains unfavourable, however, with potential of amelioration by timely diagnosis, referral and therapy initiation.
Early initiation of insulin attenuates histological and functional changes in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using 99mTc-sulfur colloid functional imaging
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Fatma J. Al-Saeedi, Salah Kh. Al-Waheeb, Peramaiyan Rajendran, Khalid M. Khan, Moudhi Sadan
In nuclear medicine, functional imaging can be done using radioactive materials labeled with chemical compounds that specifically and biologically localized into certain organ such as liver for example. The technetium-99m-labeled sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) can image the function of the phagocytic RES of the liver. 99mTc-SC is a significance tracer since it can be used to delineate the overall organ size, detect early changes in the liver function in the patients who do not show obvious clinical abnormalities such as in liver cirrhosis, determine the presence of focal lesions, assess the degree of hepatocellular dysfunction in the diffuse fatty liver disease, and it can be used to detect the function of phagocytic RES in the liver, which we will use in this study. 99mTc-SC is a particulate radiopharmaceutical, with particle diameters on the order of 100 to 1000 nm. 99mTc-SC is a gamma-emitting colloid used in scintillation scanning of the RES. After intravenous injection, these particles are rapidly phagocytized by RES, the Kupffer cells of the liver (85%) and the macrophages of the spleen (10%) and bone marrow (5%). Detection and localization of phagocytized gamma ray-emitting colloid is done with a gamma-ray scintillation camera [17–21].
Correlation between incidental focal colorectal FDG uptake on PET/CT and colonoscopic and histopathological results
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Laerke Noergaard Albertsen, Claudia Jaensch, Simon Maretti Tornbjerg, Jørn Teil, Anders Husted Madsen
In accordance with institutional procedures, patients were instructed to fast for at least 4–6 h before administration of 18-F-FDG (4 MBq/kg). The blood glucose level before FDG injection was sought to be less than 10 mmol/l (=180mg/dl). After resting for 60 min, for 18-F-FDG uptake to occur, a PET/CT scan was performed either from the level of skull base to upper thighs, from vertex to upper thighs or whole body using one of the dedicated PET/CT scanners available at our hospital (Siemens Biograph mCT, Siemens Healthcare, Germany). A nuclear medicine physician generated a clinical report after reviewing these images, previous imaging results and clinical information. An abnormal FDG uptake was defined as any focus of increased uptake greater than the surrounding background activity. Relevant information from the PET/CT scan was extracted by reading the primary PET/CT report: Date of PET/CT scan, number and location of lesions with abnormal FDG uptake.