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Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anne Larsson Strömvall, Susanna Jakobson Mo
Neurodegenerative disorders are common in the elderly population but may also occur in middle age. These disorders are neurodegenerative disorders causing progressive deterioration of neuronal function, typically leading to cognitive impairment, memory loss, and/or motoric dysfunction. Neurodegenerative diseases often share underlying mechanisms and features, and the distinction between these diseases may be difficult to assess clinically. The diagnosis is largely made by clinical examination. Functional imaging is often used to support the diagnosis.
Ultrasound Assessment of the Accessory Respiratory Muscles
Published in Massimo Zambon, Ultrasound of the Diaphragm and the Respiratory Muscles, 2022
Myrte Wennen, Annemijn H. Jonkman, Zhonghua Shi, Pieter R. Tuinman
Examination of the extra-diaphragmatic inspiratory and expiratory muscles by ultrasound adds complementary information in the evaluation of patient respiratory effort (recruitment, respective contribution in the work of breathing, asynchrony) and muscle function, and can help the clinician to detect patients at risk for weaning failure. In this chapter, we provide a structured approach for assessing the accessory respiratory muscles by ultrasound, including ultrasound-derived parameters such as thickness and thickening fraction (TF) and their normal values (if known). We also discuss limitations, potential clinical applications, and future developments for functional imaging.
Medical Imaging Informatics
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
Since the discovery of X-rays, medical imaging has come a long way. New imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, ultrasonic imaging, endoscopy, and nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been developed. Continued improvements in the image quality have made the job of the clinicians easier. The quality of a medical image is generally assessed quantitatively using three parameters, SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), CNR (Contrast-to-Noise Ratio) and spatial resolution. While all three should be high ideally, instrumental and operational trade-offs should be considered.
Early initiation of insulin attenuates histological and functional changes in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using 99mTc-sulfur colloid functional imaging
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Fatma J. Al-Saeedi, Salah Kh. Al-Waheeb, Peramaiyan Rajendran, Khalid M. Khan, Moudhi Sadan
In nuclear medicine, functional imaging can be done using radioactive materials labeled with chemical compounds that specifically and biologically localized into certain organ such as liver for example. The technetium-99m-labeled sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) can image the function of the phagocytic RES of the liver. 99mTc-SC is a significance tracer since it can be used to delineate the overall organ size, detect early changes in the liver function in the patients who do not show obvious clinical abnormalities such as in liver cirrhosis, determine the presence of focal lesions, assess the degree of hepatocellular dysfunction in the diffuse fatty liver disease, and it can be used to detect the function of phagocytic RES in the liver, which we will use in this study. 99mTc-SC is a particulate radiopharmaceutical, with particle diameters on the order of 100 to 1000 nm. 99mTc-SC is a gamma-emitting colloid used in scintillation scanning of the RES. After intravenous injection, these particles are rapidly phagocytized by RES, the Kupffer cells of the liver (85%) and the macrophages of the spleen (10%) and bone marrow (5%). Detection and localization of phagocytized gamma ray-emitting colloid is done with a gamma-ray scintillation camera [17–21].
The role of a potential biomarker in patients with migraine: review and new insights
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Karen Santos Ferreira, Harjot Dhillon, Ana Miriam Velly
Some studies have identified patients that are more predisposed to develop secondary effects of migraine and complications as a refractory disease. Functional imaging is eligible but difficult to be executed in daily practice owing to the cost involved [15,16]. Investigators showed that brain regions likely to be affected in migraineurs include the frontal lobes, limbic system, parietal lobes, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. Consequently, high attack frequency (more than 15 days per month) and with a longer duration of disease (mean 14.2 years of migraine) deflagrates differences in gray and white matter density as compared to those with a lower attack frequency and a shorter disease duration [17]. Besides this, patients experiencing migraine chronification may report increased non-headache pain, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders which are associated with their long-term experience with migraine pain [18,19].
How can we assess and measure prognosis for MALT lymphoma? A review of current findings and strategies
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Barbara Kiesewetter, Markus Raderer
Thus, the use of functional imaging to increase sensitivity is a logical step in the diagnostic algorithm. Importantly, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging is not routinely recommended for MALT lymphoma as up to 50% of patients lacked uptake of FDG in larger series and uptake is also strongly variable in different sites or varies according to histological features such as plasmacytic differentiation or Ki-67 score [20–24]. However, if lesions are FDG-avid a certain negative correlation of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with uptake intensity has been suggested [21,25]. Potentially more sensitive methods are diffusion-weighted imaging (DWRI), that was found statistically superior to conventional 18 F-FDG-PET for MALT lymphoma (overall region sensitivity 93.3% versus 71.7%), and CXCR4 imaging using 68Gallium-Pentixafor/PET-MRI that showed consistent uptake and good tumor-background-ratios in first clinical studies [20,26,27]. Furthermore, 18 F-FDG-PET/MRI has also been evaluated [28].