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Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In physiology, compensatory homeostasis is a self-protective process to maintain the organism’s physiological function in the circle of life, and provides a window for the transition from disease to health (142). Many phenomena, including cardiac hypertrophy in heart failure, vasospasm or microvascular spasm, and ischemic hypoxia in shock, are some excellent examples of the compensation machinery in human body (142). According to Fan et al., the excessiveness and deficiency of yin-yang illustrates nicely the phenomenon of compensatory homeostasis (142).
Functional Anatomy
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Physiology is a distinct area of study concerned with chemical processes that support the production and utilization of energy. Physiology is a vast scientific field, encompassing digestion, endocrinology, cardiovascular function and respiration. The size of this topic makes it beyond the scope of this text.
Electrophysiology
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with the functions of human organs under normal conditions (Marieb & Hoehn, 2007; Tortora & Derrickson, 2018). Generally, the physiological systems are classified into ten different organ systems, as shown in Figure 3.1. All the physiological systems are interdependent and together perform the living process. From a systems perspective, the physiological systems are highly non-linear, extremely complex and multi-input and multi-output systems (Saladin, 2004; Martini, 2006). The measured physiological variables are not independent variables. There are several unmeasurable variables associated with the physiological system/process. The field of biomedical instrumentation is aimed at diagnosis and treatment of diseases and to support life or improve the quality of life (Khandpur, 1987). The objectives of biomedical instrumentation are (Singh, 2014): Diagnosis: To identify or determine the problem or the pathologies in the living system.Monitoring: To monitor or continuously assess the disease progression and the impact of the treatment.Control: Instruments aimed at treatment and control of pathologies, diseases or malfunctions.Prosthesis: Artificial body parts such as implants.
Association of Hypnotizability, Interoception, and Emotion
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2023
Žan Zelič, Laura Sebastiani, Enrica Laura Santarcangelo
Throughout the history of physiology, the autonomic nervous system has been seen as a predominantly efferent motor system with the addition of a few afferents that enable homeostatic regulation (Berntson et al., 2019). Contemporary research findings dispute this view by showing that the role of visceral afferents is much more important, with visceral inputs being involved in several emotional and cognitive processes (Critchley & Harrison, 2013). Deficits in interoceptive abilities have been shown to play an important role in the development of different psychopathologies (Khalsa et al., 2018). Recently, some promising findings about the possibilities of improving the perception of visceral signals through brief interoceptive and mindfulness training have been published (de Lima-Araujo et al., 2022; Sugawara et al., 2020). Since hypnotizability is a psychophysiological trait characterized by morphofunctional differences in brain areas that are relevant to interoception (Landry et al., 2017; Picerni et al., 2019), as well as by better functional equivalence between imagery and perception (Ibáñez-Marcelo et al., 2019), we hypothesize that hypnotizability assessment may be of great importance in diagnostic processes as well as in the development of personalized interoceptive training.
Embedding planetary health concepts in a pre-medical physiology subject
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Christian Moro, Michelle McLean, Charlotte Phelps
A new topic was introduced each week in the Physiology subject covering tissues, organ systems, and physiology concepts. Weekly content delivery comprised a 50-min lecture (theory) followed by a 1-hour tutorial (application). The PowerPoint lecture slides were released at the start of each week, allowing students to prepare for the lecture. Twelve planetary health facts or concepts (one per week) were introduced during the weekly lecture (Table 1). On an appropriate PowerPoint slide, a relevant planetary health fact (Did you know?) was inserted in the bottom left-hand corner and a relevant solution and link were provided in the bottom right-hand corner (Figure 1). When the slide with the planetary health fact was displayed, it was highlighted by the educator, although no substantial time was devoted to discussing this inclusion in either the lecture or tutorial time. In line with the interrelationship between the health of the planet and human health, the facts spanned the environment as a determinant of health (e.g. global warming, air pollution, vector-borne diseases, nature prescribing) as well as the environmental impact of healthcare (e.g. medical imaging).
Dietary fiber-based regulation of bile salt hydrolase activity in the gut microbiota and its relevance to human disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Arthur Kastl, Wenjing Zong, Victoria M. Gershuni, Elliot S. Friedman, Ceylan Tanes, Adoma Boateng, William J. Mitchell, Kathleen O’Connor, Kyle Bittinger, Natalie A. Terry, Christina Bales, Lindsey Albenberg, Gary D. Wu
Bile acids play a fundamentally important role in nutrient absorption through the emulsification and solubilization of fat in the small intestine. Additionally, they regulate mammalian physiology via activation of nuclear hormone and G-protein coupled receptors.1 Amino acid conjugation of bile acids to either glycine or taurine increases their solubility and reduces epithelial passive absorption, thereby preserving high levels of functional bile acids in the small intestine.2 Bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) are responsible for the rate-limiting step of bile acid deconjugation which is followed by conversion of primary into secondary bile acids via bacterial dehydroxylation.3 While these processes occur normally in the colon, deconjugation of bile acids may occur abnormally in the small intestine. This is clinically relevant in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), where a high deconjugated bile acid load may lead to reduced nutrient absorption and lipid malabsorption.4 SIBO occurs when there is an abnormally high biomass of the gut microbiota in the small intestine which may lead to altered bile acid profile, carbohydrate fermentation, nutrient competition, and epithelial dysfunction. The pathophysiologic effects of SIBO are particularly deleterious in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who are already at risk for poor nutrient assimilation.