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Reliable Biomedical Applications Using AI Models
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Shambhavi Mishra, Tanveer Ahmed, Vipul Mishra
In radiology, skilled clinicians visually examine medical images to detect, monitor, and report disease findings. The reliability of these evaluations depends on experience, and they can be subjective at times. When AI is integrated into the clinical process as a tool to assist clinicians, more accurate and reproducible radiological assessments can be made. Examples in the field of radiology include thoracic imaging, mammography, brain imaging, and radiation oncology. According to researchers, [79], artificial intelligence systems that use continuous learning and retrain themselves are less error prone. Radiology departments are working together to co-develop and test AI algorithms, provide continuous data feeds, and integrate more diversified data sources in order to execute continuous learning AI. Another study looked at how AI monitoring tools could assist radiologists in prioritizing their patient lists by detecting suspicious or positive cases that need to be reviewed immediately. Current constraints in technical competence and even processing capacity will be alleviated with time, and remote access technologies will be able to help [80].
Trauma
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Danielle M. Prentice, Lauren A. Plante
Estimates of fetal radiation dose for the following examinations are shown in Table 41.3 [50]. Gray is the unit of measurement for absorbed dose of radiation; it is defined as 1 J of energy deposited in 1 kg of material. This has replaced the rad or roentgen-absorbed dose, which is the dose delivered to an object of 100 ergs of energy per gram of material. One Gray = 100 rads (or, 1 rad = 10 mGy). Teratogenic effects are of no concern until after 5 to 10 mGy. Plain radiographs of the spine and chest can be performed in pregnancy with minimal radiation exposure to the fetus, with abdomen and pelvis shielding. The American College of Radiology states that there is no “safe” amount of radiation, but note that many patients are exposed to higher levels of radiation in their everyday life than they would be exposed to with imaging. These lifestyle factors include living at altitude and air travel. They consider that some radiological examinations expose a pregnant uterus to so low a dose that pregnancy does not affect the decision to proceed [74]: these include chest x-ray in the first and second trimester, x-ray or CT of the extremities, and any imaging of the head or neck. With CT scanning, the total radiation dose to the fetus depends on the site imaged, the machine and technique used, and on the distance between cuts.
Contradictions cure
Published in Alan Bleakley, Medical Education, Politics and Social Justice, 2020
The diagnostic visual imagination is particularly important to radiologists, dermatologists and histopathologists (Bleakley 2015), although medical imaging is used across a number of specialties, including ophthalmology, cardiology and radiation oncology. Where a key skill of radiologists is to read two-dimensional images in depth or as perceptually projected three-dimensionality, current use of multiple images from CT or MRI scans allows for ready three-dimensional reading. Contemporary radiology requires the doctor to scan a sheaf of images (multi-slice examinations) from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, where the scanner’s imaging process is a rotation around the body, rather than looking at just a single image (as in ultrasound, projection X-ray images – e.g. bone, chest, mammography – and dynamic X-ray exams – e.g. fluoroscopy). Scanning and developing a composite picture from multiple images allows for a three-dimensional viewing. This radically challenges the penetrating gaze of modern medical diagnostics described by Foucault, now replaced by a “glance”. Use of software to aid image interpretation also distributes the gaze.
Biomechanical performance design of joint prosthesis for medical rehabilitation via generative structure optimization
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Jinghua Xu, Kang Wang, Mingyu Gao, Zhengxin Tu, Shuyou Zhang, Jianrong Tan
The computed tomography (CT), namely computerized axial tomography (CAT), is a radiologic imaging modality that uses computer processing to generate an image (CAT scan) of the tissue density in a “slice” as thin as about 1 to 10 mm through the physical body. The HU (Hounsfiled Unit) reflects how much the tissue absorbs the X-rays. For medical images slice ith medical image which is usually spaced at various intervals, m is the vertical resolution and n is the horizontal resolution.
What are the requirements for patient-centered breast imaging? Communication preferences of mammography patients in Turkey
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2020
Serap Doğan, Nuri Erdoğan, Hakan İmamoğlu
Patient-centered radiology is a newly emerging paradigm in which radiologists’ traditional role shifts from “doctor’s doctor” to “patient’s doctor” (Carlos, 2009; Itri, 2015). The reasons behind this paradigm are manyfold, including increased patient consumerism (i.e. the growing desire of the public to be informed about their medical condition) and malpractice law-suits due to failed communication between radiologists and patients (Berlin, 2009). If radiologists are sluggish to meet such demands, the end result will be invisibility of radiologists, which further leads to devaluation and commoditization of the radiology services (Borgstede, 2008; Forman et al., 2013; Gunn, Mangano, Choy, & Sahani, 2015). Commoditization is an economically undesirable process in which a qualified radiologist is easily interchanged by a cheaper one because all radiologists are perceived as “the same”. In a recent paper by European Society of Radiology, it was emphasized that a correct diagnosis should not be taken for granted (i.e., impacts of radiologists must be visible) and radiologists are not costs while assessing healthcare outcomes (European Society of Radiology, 2017).
Prolonged post-ablation fever may predict one-year tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Ping-Hung Ho, Wei Teng, Chen-Chun Lin, Wen-Juei Jeng, Wei-Ting Chen, Chun-Yen Lin, Shi-Ming Lin, I-Shyan Sheen
CT/MRI scans were multiphasic and contrast-enhanced that performed 1-month post-RFA to determine tumor response. According to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST), complete tumor response is defined as the absence of residual tumor or complete necrosis [12]. Some patients underwent dynamic CT scan within 7 days after RFA to evaluate the sufficient ablative margin [13]. We monitored HCC recurrence by dynamic CT/MRI every 3-4 months for the first 2 years and every 6 months thereafter, with the addition of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level measurements. HCC recurrence was diagnosed using the same criteria applied to HCC diagnosis. The radiologic images were assessed by experienced radiologists. Early recurrence is defined as local tumor progression (LTP), intrahepatic distant metastasis (IHM), or extrahepatic metastasis (EHM) detected less than 12 months post-RFA with complete ablation [14].