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Future Developments in Human Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The integration of thermographic data into clinical information systems is of utmost importance if thermography is to be accepted into clinical medicine; the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) image file standard must expand to include thermographic radiometric files, formatted images, and metadata.5 DICOM is the international standard for the dissemination of medical images and is commonly used for MRIs, CT scans, and other imaging modalities. The DICOM standard encompasses the transmission, storage, retrieval, printing, processing, and display of medical imaging information.6
Teager-Kaiser Boost Clustered Segmentation of Retinal Fundus Images for Glaucoma Detection
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
P M Siva Raja, R P Sumithra, K Ramanan
In medical diagnosis, medical imaging generates the image of the internal part of the individuals. It is employed for fast identifying the main diversity of eye diseases that happen on the retina with aid of the doctors. The fundus camera is utilized for catching the retinal images. Owing to the obliteration of the optic nerves, glaucoma is the most important disease that affects eye vision loss. Recovering the injured optic nerves are identified as a difficult task. Thus, it is very significant for discovering automated glaucoma disease. The dissimilar machine learning techniques are employed to discover the glaucoma diagnosis. However, the accurate detection of disease was not performed with lesser time. In order to overcome the issues, a novel NTKFIBC-IS is designed to discover glaucoma disease.
Medical evaluation and management of pregnant patients undergoing non-obstetrical surgery
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Diagnostic radiologic procedures are often necessary as a preoperative assessment in patients needing nonobstetric surgery during their pregnancy. These procedures may be undertaken with care. Adverse fetal effects from ionizing radiation have been reported with fetal exposure of greater than 10cGy. Microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, poor fetal development, and death have all been reported (19–21). Direct fetal exposure of 5cGy or less has not been shown to increase fetal malformation rates. There is a very small risk of increased childhood malignancies, particularly leukemias, with the level of radiation of 5cGy or less. Direct fetal exposure of 1cGy or less has not been shown to produce any significant fetal effect (19–21). Single-shot direct images such as chest X-rays, abdominal images, or images of long bones expose the fetus to little or no risk. Fluoroscopic examinations expose the fetus to significant radiation risk and should be avoided if possible in pregnancy. Computed tomography (CT) exams of the cranium and thorax expose the pelvis to very little direct radiation (0.05–0.1cGy). These exams, if clinically indicated, may be undertaken with relative safety (22).
Integrating artificial intelligence into an ophthalmologist’s workflow: obstacles and opportunities
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2023
Priyal Taribagil, HD Jeffry Hogg, Konstantinos Balaskas, Pearse A Keane
Data relevant to clinical decision-making in ophthalmology are often fragmented across different platforms and systems creating interoperability challenges for AI-enabled tools. Data interoperability is fundamental for successful AI integration as it provides shared and equal access to data resources. Multiple imaging modalities (optical coherence tomography – OCT, widefield fundus imaging, etc.) are involved in ophthalmic clinical practice. This prioritizes the need for common standards to facilitate the research and application of ophthalmic AI-enabled tools [83]. Variations that exist between imaging equipment, software, and data storage formats hinder data interoperability, limiting the ease with which multi-modal data can be assimilated and analyzed. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is the international standard for medical imaging used to view, store, retrieve, and share images [84]. It was created with the intention of maintaining standards and consistency across the varying imaging modalities.
Application of radiation omics in the development of adverse outcome pathway networks: an example of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Omid Azimzadeh, Simone Moertl, Raghda Ramadan, Bjorn Baselet, Evagelia C. Laiakis, Soji Sebastian, Danielle Beaton, Jaana M. Hartikainen, Jan Christian Kaiser, Afshin Beheshti, Sisko Salomaa, Vinita Chauhan, Nobuyuki Hamada
The integration of findings generated by different omics platforms is key for a systems biology approach to gain a full understanding of how radiation exposure impacts the cardiovascular system. Integrating systems biology into the AOP framework can potentially enrich AOP features by expanding the linear abstraction behind KEs to a more complex network of those biological events. To achieve a comprehensive picture of the radiation effect, non-omics findings, such as pathologic images, clinical measures, and epidemiological information as well as other biochemical and biological assays and arrays are necessary to fill the gaps in assessing risk-related outcomes. Figure 2 illustrates a proposed multidisciplinary and multidimensional systems biology approach, ranging from high-throughput data to modeling. The approach is designed to integrate omics and non-omics results to understand the biological response of a biosystem (e.g. cardiovascular system) to radiation exposure (Figure 2). Applying the systems biology approach within the established AOP framework should facilitate the development of a reproducible bioassay to measure endpoints relevant to risk assessment (Figure 2).
Mammographic density and breast cancer screening
Published in Climacteric, 2020
Mammography, which is an X-ray of the breast, can be used to image the breast in a diagnostic setting, where the woman presents with symptoms, or a screening setting where the woman has no symptoms. In many developed countries, there are community-based systems inviting women at mid-life and older for regular mammographic screening with the aim of early identification and treatment of breast cancer (BC). In Australia, women are invited for biennial screening between the ages of 50 and 74 years1. The basis for the establishment of mammographic screening programs was a series of randomized trials done between the 1960s and the 1990s which showed that inviting women at midlife and older for screening was associated with about a 20% reduction in mortality from breast cancer2.