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Amnesia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Anterograde amnesia, on the other hand, is the inability to create new memories. As a person with anterograde amnesia goes about their life, they may act relatively like a person without amnesia, until memory is required, such as when meeting new people or visiting a new location. Medical workers meeting with people with anterograde amnesia must introduce themselves many times to the patient, because they are not remembered.
Faked Amnesia and Loss of Memory
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
Forensic professionals need to become familiar with the neuropsychology of memory to intelligently comment on an individual’s possible faking. Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, and Tranel (2012) discuss the neuropsychology of memory loss from brain injury. Closed head trauma often involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia (sometimes called post-traumatic amnesia) refers to memory deficits during the period after a head injury and includes the time of any coma, the time of any confusional period after consciousness is regained, and, in severe cases, a time of varying length thereafter. Retrograde amnesia refers to deficits in the retrieval of memories already consolidated prior to the head injury. In the natural course of recovery from head injury, anterograde post-traumatic amnesia gradually improves, after which the duration of the retrograde amnesia reduces to a time shortly before the trauma. This process of salvaging old memories and consolidating new memories is quite variable, depending on the severity of the injury and age of the patient, and may range from a few seconds to years.
Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Amnesia means loss of memory, which may be partial or complete. Variable types of amnesia could occur. Almost everyone has a lapse of memory from time to time. But when memory loss interferes with work, social activities, and daily tasks, it may need medical assessment and care. Amnesia may take one of the following forms: Anterograde amnesia: refers to a loss of memory for events subsequent to an incident (e.g., car accident or cerebrovascular stroke); that is, the inability to learn, store, and retrieve information about the accident and from a period after the trauma that usually lasts for hours or days. In some cases anterograde amnesia extends indefinitely, that is, it becomes an amnestic syndrome.Retrograde amnesia: refers to loss of memories that were consolidated just prior to the insult or event that produced the amnesia, e.g., inability to recall events before an incident of head trauma, usually for hours or days prior to the accident.Total amnesia: refers to loss of memory for recent and remote events.Circumscribed amnesia: refers to loss of memory for a limited period (amnesic gap).
Concussion reporting intentions for incoming military athletes and cadets
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Melissa N. Anderson, Christopher D’Lauro, Brian R. Johnson, Craig A. Foster, Julianne D. Schmidt
While intercollegiate athletes may believe that they have a greater knowledge of concussion signs and symptoms than non-athletes (35), we found limited evidence for this in the current study. In recent years, there has been an improvement in the accuracy of correct concussion symptom identification for the general public due to overall heightened awareness of the injury (35), and our study supports these previous findings (27,36,37). Interestingly, slightly less than half of all cadets correctly identified amnesia as a possible concussion sign or symptom. Amnesia, both retrograde and anterograde, is reported by approximately 25% of concussed individuals (44) and is a hallmark of brain injuries (45). Additionally, less than one-third of respondents identified motion sensitivity as a concussion symptom. However, 81% and 74% of cadets correctly selected dizziness and vision disturbances, respectively. Vision and vestibular dysfunction are common following concussion, with premorbid motion sickness predicting post-injury severity (46). The low percentage of correct identification suggests inconsistent knowledge of concussion symptoms among incoming military cadets.
Pediatric bronchoscopy: recent advances and clinical challenges
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
P Goussard, P Pohunek, E Eber, F Midulla, G Di Mattia, M Merven, JT Janson
Many pediatric bronchoscopists successfully adopted these techniques [21]. Analgosedation (or conscious sedation) for pediatric bronchoscopy was mostly performed using fentanyl derivatives as the analgetic component and benzodiazepine, almost universally low-dose midazolam, as the sedative drug. This combination proved very useful in providing sufficient sedation while maintaining spontaneous breathing, excluding unwanted reflexes and even keeping some cooperation of the patient. In most cases also a sufficient anterograde amnesia was achieved. Conscious sedation has always to be combined with appropriate topical anesthesia. As in most of the pediatric flexible bronchoscopies the instruments are introduced through the nose, topical anesthesia of nasal cavity must be always properly applied to avoid any pain in this very sensitive area. Topical anesthesia must be also applied onto the larynx to prevent any undesired reflexes, such as coughing or laryngospasm. This, however, should only be done after properly evaluating the larynx, its stability, and motility, because topical anesthesia can decrease laryngeal stability and enhance signs of laryngomalacia. Depending on the reaction of the patient, some additional topical anesthesia can be applied also into the airways through the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope during the procedure.
Valentin Magnan and Sergey Korsakov: French and Russian pioneers in the study of alcohol abuse
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
Toward the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, the main alcohol-related neurological syndromes were outlined: Wernicke encephalopathy (Wernicke, 1881), Korsakov syndrome (Korsakov, 1887b), and Marchiafava-Bignami disease (Marchiafava & Bignami, 1903). Wernicke’s encephalopathy, also called Wernicke’s disease, refers to the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular vitamin B1, thiamine. Classically, German neurologist Karl Wernicke (1848–1905) encephalopathy is characterized by the triad ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Korsakov’s syndrome is a manifestation of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. The major symptoms are anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation, minimal content in communication, lack of insight, and apathy. Finally, Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare condition characterized by demyelination of the corpus callosum.