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Tobacco Products
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Nancy Houston Miller, Karen Laing
The most severe health effects of tobacco come from chemicals other than nicotine (NIDA, 2021). While, in some ways, nicotine is much more benign than other elements of tobacco, because it is the addictive agent, it is not without risk. When inhaled, tobacco smoke rapidly passes through the pulmonary circulation and enters the bloodstream. Nicotine then easily crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the brain tissue. This whole process is estimated to take only 2–8 seconds (Widysanto et al., 2021). Newer versions of e-cigarettes use nicotine salts that may be absorbed more quickly, possibly increasing addiction potential (NIDA, 2021). The half-life of nicotine is estimated to be approximately two hours. With repeated exposure, tolerance develops to some of the physiologic effects of nicotine (Widysanto et al., 2021). Each time it is used, nicotine immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (NIDA, 2021). This then stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, causing an increase in heart rate and cardiac contractility, constricting cutaneous and coronary blood vessels, and leading to a rise in blood pressure (Widysanto et al., 2021).
Tobacco and Health
Published in Rajmohan Panda, Manu Raj Mathur, Tobacco Cessation, 2019
Sandeep Mahapatra, Kumar Gaurav
The major health effects of tobacco use include: (A) cancer, (B) noncancerous lung diseases, (C) atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and (D) toxicity to the human reproductive system.
Health Effects of Tobacco, Nicotine, and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Jonathan Foulds, Cristine Delnevo, Douglas M. Ziedonis, Michael B. Steinberg
The recent review of the health effects of tobacco smoking published by the U.S. Surgeon General in 2004 (USDHHS, 2004) expanded the list of diseases known to be caused by smoking to include virtually every organ in the body. The conclusions about these causal relationships were made on the basis of the consistency, specificity, temporality, and strength of the observed associations, together with evidence on the biological plausibility, observed dose-response relationship, and results from experimental data (whether laboratory-based or “naturally occurring” experiments). Table 13.1 lists some of the deadly diseases known to be caused by tobacco smoking and the relative risks of death from each of these causes in continuing and former smokers compared with never smokers. It should be noted that in all of the diseases listed in the table, the evidence (which is thoroughly reviewed in the 2004 Surgeon General’s report and associated documents) has been judged to be sufficient to infer a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and that disease (rather than a noncausal statistical association or “risk factor”). Interestingly, the 2004 Surgeon General’s report did not list nicotine dependence as a smoking-caused illness, although that conclusion had been reached in a prior report (USDHHS, 1988).
Perceived effectiveness of anti-tobacco advertisements used in Indian cinema: results of a cross-sectional study from South-India
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Sukumar Nandru, P. B. Kodali, K. R. Thankappan
Mass-media such as Cinema (also called Movie theaters) serve as important means to communicate health information to audiences from younger age groups who are found to have better outcomes from tobacco cessation (Taylor et al., 2002). However, films may also serve as indirect advertising through tobacco encouraging content and product placement (Charlesworth & Glantz, 2006). While there is limited success in completely banning any form of tobacco use in Indian films and television, it is mandatory to incorporate health warnings in scenes depicting tobacco consumption (Mehrotra et al., 2010). Additionally, Anti-Tobacco Health Spots (ATHS) in Cinemas were employed to improve awareness (Yadav & Glantz, 2020). Anti-Tobacco Health Spots are audio-visual advertisements used to communicate information on health risks of tobacco to the target audience. ATHS are of multiple types including patient testimonials, doctor & celebrity advice, warnings, and educational videos. The ATHS like “Mukesh,” “Sponge,” “Child” and “Duhan” have been extensively deployed to create awareness on serious health effects of tobacco and encourage quitting. These health spots were dubbed into more than 16 Indian languages to enable coverage across country. They have been part of India’s comprehensive tobacco control programme for the past decade. The Cinemas are mandated by law to screen at least 100 seconds of ATHS before screening a film (Yadav & Glantz, 2021). With over One billion annual cinema admissions, ATHS in cinemas are an important means to communicate anti-tobacco messages.
Ten Years of FDA Tobacco Regulation: Lessons for Public Health Stakeholders
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2021
This recognition has caused many who work in tobacco control to advocate for policies that will have a disproportionate benefit in those communities that have been hardest hit by the health effects of tobacco. Many communities are recognizing that one of the biggest drivers of this disparity is the tobacco industry itself. Cigarette manufacturers have a long history of targeting specific communities with higher concentrations of tobacco product users.5 These communities also have greater numbers of people who are part of racial and ethnic minorities and more people living at or below the poverty line. In addition, the industry has long targeted African American communities,6 Latinx communities,7 and members of the LGBTQ + community.8 Cigarette manufacturers have targeted specific advertising to members of these communities and donated money to organizations and community events frequented by these groups.9 To draw in new customers and keep addicted consumers buying products, the cigarette manufacturers have also used pricing tactics that ensure that prices are lower in those communities.10 They disseminate coupons and establish other discounts to lower the effective price of products.11 Advertising and pricing strategies are certainly effective, but the industry’s most effective tactic to target some groups has been the manufacture and marketing of menthol cigarettes.
How social work can address the tobacco epidemic
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2020
Examining and determining effective treatments and prevention efforts within special populations are needed. Social workers can develop, test and promote individualized cessation programs for special populations. Social work researchers can analyze secondary data sets from the CDC such as the National Youth Risk Behavioral Survey or the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. These are national surveys conducted annually which monitor health risk behaviors in either youth or adults. Social workers can present their results at conferences such as the Society for Research on Nicotine and Treatment, or in social work journals such as Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions and tobacco-focused journals such as Nicotine & Tobacco Research and Tobacco Control. Disseminating nonpartisan research findings about the health effects of tobacco is needed to inform the public of the detrimental effects of tobacco and combat the epidemic (Gilmore et al., 2015). Social workers are also well positioned to contribute to dissemination and implementation science of tobacco cessation.