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Skin, soft tissue and bone infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Mucocutaneous forms of HSV 1 and 2 include herpes labalis (cold sore), genital herpes and pharyngitis. A severe form (eczema herpeticum) can occur in patients with atopic eczema. Herpes simplex virus may also cause encephalitis and meningitis. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox as a primary infection; this lies dormant in the sensory ganglia, and reactivation causes shingles in a dermatomal distribution.
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, the same virus that causes cold sores. In 2018, compared to 2017, rates of genital herpes rose by 3% in England and 8% in Northern Ireland (PHE, 2019a; PHA, 2019). Comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018, rates rose by 26% in Wales (PHW, 2019). The latest data for Scotland report 3,420 cases in 2014 (HPS, 2015). It is generally transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sex, or by sharing contaminated sex toys. It is passed through small cracks in the skin or via the mucous membranes in the mouth, vagina, urethra or rectum.
Cellulitis and Swelling around One or Both Eyelids
Published in Amy-lee Shirodkar, Gwyn Samuel Williams, Bushra Thajudeen, Practical Emergency Ophthalmology Handbook, 2019
Pay particular attention to patients that are immunocompromised, uncontrolled diabetics, cancer sufferers, obese, alcoholic or intravenous drug users, as they all carry a greater risk of necrotising fasciitis and Mucormycosis – two rapidly progressive, flesh-destroying conditions, as well as erysipelas; a superficial dermal and lymphatic infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Greyish-blue or black necrotic lesions around the skin or nose are signs to look out for in these conditions. The tell-tale signs of herpes simplex must also be looked for.
Hypopyon after Periocular Corticosteroid Injection: A Case Series
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
A 59-year-old woman presented complaining of decreased vision of the right eye for 3 days. The patient’s past medical history was significant for recurrent uveitis of right eye during last 17 years. She was diagnosed with anterior uveitis of the right eye 3 days ago and treated with topical tobramycin and dexamethasone ophthalmic eye drop 8 time daily, mydriasis 4 time daily, 5 mg dexamethasone periorbital injection for 2 days consecutively, and 10 mg triamcinolone acetonide sub-conjunctiva injection on the third day. At presentation, her visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Her IOP was 19 mmHg in the right eye and 20 mmHg in the left eye. Clinical examination of the right eye revealed corneal edema, descement’s membrane folds, fine keratic precipitate without flare or cells, and 1 mm hypopyon in anterior chamber (Figure 3a–c). Fundus exam of right eye revealed light haze in anterior vitreous. A diagnosis of herpes simplex virus endotheliitis was made. In addition to the steroid and mydriasis treatment, she was prescribed oral famciclovir 250 mg 3 time daily. Her hypopyon resolved in the second day follow-up. At 1 week visit, slit lamp exam showed clear cornea, and keratic precipitate and anterior vitreous haze resolved (Figure 3d). She kept using oral famciclovir and tapered off the corticosteroids in 1 month. At her 2-month follow-up visit, her BCVA was 20/20 in the right eye.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
A family of viruses that manifest in the oral cavity are Herpes viruses, of which several types are found in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cause common opportunistic viral infections. Other types of herpesviruses are Varicella zoster, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in the oral epithelium, leading to localized painful vesicles, colloquially often referred to as “cold sores”. These viruses cause lifelong infections and establish latency with periodic reactivations. HSV-1 viruses often spread by close contact and through sharing saliva and are highly infectious, while most people infected are asymptomatic. To infiltrate the cell, HSV-1 viral particles utilize nectin-1 as their cell surface receptor (Figure 2). In this case, disruption of AJs can expose nectin-1, allowing HSV to bind to it and further infiltrate the tissue.93 Therefore, the integrity of the AJs in the oral epithelium can determine the course of HSV infection, opening up an important area of future study.94
Lichenoid lesions of the upper labial mucosa: a systematic review and a report of a new case with extensive follow-up
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
In laboratory tests performed to exclude other causes for the lesions and symptoms, complete blood count, red blood cell folate, serum B12, fasting plasma glucose, and serum zinc levels were normal. A swab test for herpes simplex virus was negative. Epicutaneous test for dental materials and prick tests for various vegetables and spices was negative. Likewise, tests for serum antinuclear antibodies and serum-extractable nuclear antigen antibodies were negative. Over the course of follow-up, the patient presented slowly progressing myopathy for which no specific aetiology was found. A new biopsy of the upper labial mucosa was taken four years after the first. This specimen too was histopathologically diagnosed as representing oral lichen planus (Figure 2(C,D)). The patient continued to experience smarting, a burning sensation and pain of variable intensity in the upper lip.