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Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, the same virus that causes cold sores. In 2018, compared to 2017, rates of genital herpes rose by 3% in England and 8% in Northern Ireland (PHE, 2019a; PHA, 2019). Comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018, rates rose by 26% in Wales (PHW, 2019). The latest data for Scotland report 3,420 cases in 2014 (HPS, 2015). It is generally transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sex, or by sharing contaminated sex toys. It is passed through small cracks in the skin or via the mucous membranes in the mouth, vagina, urethra or rectum.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Idoxuridine is a iodinated analog of deoxyuridine, with antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and potential radiosensitizing activities. In chemical structure idoxuridine closely approximates the configuration of thymidine, one of the four building blocks of DNA, the genetic material of the Herpes virus. As a result, idoxuridine is able to replace thymidine in the enzymatic step of viral replication or ‘growth’. The consequent production of faulty DNA results in a pseudostructure which cannot infect or destroy tissue. Idoxuridine is indicated for use in keratoconjunctivitis and keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus. Formerly, the drug has been used in ointments and creams for the treatment of herpes labialis (cold sore), but these were soon found to be ineffective (1).
Micropigmentation Applied to Oncology Patients
Published in Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto, Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
One week before performing a treatment, the patient will be informed that he or she must carry some specific preventive care, such as the following: Prevent cold sores (only in the case of micropigmentation on lips). You should consult with your doctor or apply the preventive measures described earlier.Do not sunbathe or be exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) rays.Do not perform aesthetic treatments, or medical-aesthetic or surgical interventions in the area of treatment.
Reports of New and Recurrent Keratitis following mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccination
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Paras P. Shah, Yoav Glidai, Richard Braunstein, Matthew Gorski, Jung Lee, Farihah Anwar, Amelia Schrier, Jules Winokur, Anne S. Steiner
A 54-year-old man with a history of herpes simplex virus of his right eye presented to our practice with pain, tearing, and a 1-week history of a corneal ulcer in his right eye which started 2 weeks after his first dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. He had been treated by a referring ophthalmologist with ofloxacin and tobramycin eye drops with persistent symptoms. Slit-lamp examination of the right cornea revealed 360 degrees of peripheral neovascularization with stromal infiltration. There was a peripheral, non-continuous, curvilinear epithelial defect with an associated infiltrate at 5 o’clock, with mild anterior chamber cellular reaction (Figure 1a). Although viral cultures were negative, the patient was treated as a suspected viral flare, given his acute presentation and history of HSV and viral cold sores. He was started on valacyclovir 1 g by mouth twice a day, doxycycline 100 mg by mouth twice a day, a methylprednisolone dose pack, moxifloxacin every 2 h, and erythromycin ointment at bedtime. At 1-week follow-up, the patient reported significant improvement, and slit-lamp exam showed mild peripheral scarring consistent with resolution of keratitis. At 3-week follow-up, the ulcer had resolved.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
A family of viruses that manifest in the oral cavity are Herpes viruses, of which several types are found in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cause common opportunistic viral infections. Other types of herpesviruses are Varicella zoster, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in the oral epithelium, leading to localized painful vesicles, colloquially often referred to as “cold sores”. These viruses cause lifelong infections and establish latency with periodic reactivations. HSV-1 viruses often spread by close contact and through sharing saliva and are highly infectious, while most people infected are asymptomatic. To infiltrate the cell, HSV-1 viral particles utilize nectin-1 as their cell surface receptor (Figure 2). In this case, disruption of AJs can expose nectin-1, allowing HSV to bind to it and further infiltrate the tissue.93 Therefore, the integrity of the AJs in the oral epithelium can determine the course of HSV infection, opening up an important area of future study.94
Twenty years since the Herpetic Eye Disease Study: Lessons, developments and applications to clinical practice
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Sana Arshad, Constantinos Petsoglou, Taehwan Lee, Abdullah Al-Tamimi, Nicole A. Carnt
In reactivation of latent infection, HSV travels back down a nerve via anterograde axonal transport to the surface of the body where it replicates.47 HSV can recur either at the original site of infection or at any other site that is innervated by the infected ganglion. It is most typical for the virus to surface in areas that are dense with sensory receptors such as the oral mucosa and lips, presenting as lesions commonly known as cold sores, fingertips (paronychia), nasal skin lesions, and the cornea. The most common method of infection to the cornea for HSV is through the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion into the eye resulting in HK. However, HK can also occur through primary infection (including dendritic ulceration) where HSV-1 either directly infects the surface of the eye or through transfer of HSV-1 infection from the orofacial region.3