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Viral Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Clinical presentation: Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are most commonly found on the hands but can be anywhere on the skin. Meat handlers (butchers) and fish handlers have a high incidence of verrucae on their hands. Warts begin as skin-colored smooth papules and progress into gray-brown hyperkeratotic, exophytic growths (Figure 7.7). Growths characteristically have black dots (thrombosed dilated capillaries) on the surface, which hemorrhage into the stratum corneum. Such viral infections can also be transmitted through close contact. Different presentations include filiform and digitate warts, which are skin-colored projections with small spikes coming from a narrow or broad base (Figure 7.8). They are most commonly found on the scalp and around the mouth, eyes, and nose.
Diagnosing Viral Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
It may take some time before the immune system offers adequate protection against viral infections. This is why children may experience recurrent infections with some viruses, whilst in adults, these viral infections are rare, i.e. rotavirus. For some viruses, the immune system may only provide temporary protection, i.e. respiratory viruses. Viruses can have many serotypes and protection against one virus may not guarantee protection against a different serotype, i.e. dengue virus.
The respiratory system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Common community acquired viral infections include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, measles and adenovirus. Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to cytomegalovirus infections. The histological diagnosis of viral infection is possible only if there are specific intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusion bodies. Diagnosis is primarily through viral culture and PCR.
Design and statistical optimisation of emulsomal nanoparticles for improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido candidates: in vitro and in silico studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy, Dalia S. El-Gamil, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Marwa Sharaky, Radwan Alnajjar, Omnia Kutkat, Yassmin Moatasim, Mohamed Elagawany, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Faizah A. Binjubair, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Ayman M. Noreddin, Mohamed Y. Zakaria
Since its emergence in late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has gained global attention due to its significant mortality and morbidity with over 661 million confirmed cases and almost 6.7 million deaths (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/)1. In the initial stages of the viral infection, symptoms are commonly mild and include fever, myalgia, and dry cough. At more advanced stages of the disease, pulmonary symptoms such as dyspnoea and hypoxia develop2. Although the viral load usually subsides by that time, the condition of some patients worsens due to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response (or a cytokine storm), resulting in long-term or life-threatening implications on lung tissues and other organs3.
Post-acute physical therapy for a patient with critical illness associated with COVID-19: A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Ya-Ting Hsu, Kristen Turner, Szu-Ping Lee
The patient (RW) was a 56 year-year-old black male (185.4 cm, 78.1 kg) who self-admitted to the emergency room with shortness of breath and difficulty breathing after feeling unwell for 9 days. The patient exhibited typical signs of viral infections including fever, dry cough, and increasing levels of malaise and weakness. During hospitalization, he was tested positive for COVID-19 with worsening symptoms, and was intubated for mechanical ventilation, and spent 29 days in intensive care with heavy sedation. After almost 2 months of hospitalization, he was moved to a long-term acute care facility for weaning off mechanical ventilation and stayed there for 16 days. After successfully weaning off mechanical ventilation, he was transferred to our inpatient rehabilitation facility for post-acute rehabilitation. At the time of admission, the patient presented no ongoing signs of active viral infection (i.e. no active fever and other worsening symptoms) as well as negative virological test results.
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that reply on living cells to multiply. They are made up of nucleic acid genomes, either DNA or RNA, which are surrounded by a protective protein coat known as capsid (Ryu 2017). Viral infection involves a sequence of events including the attachment and uptake of virus into the host cells, viral gene expression and replication by usurping cellular machinery, assembly of viral proteins and genome to form progeny virions which subsequently egress from the host cells. Newly synthesised virions may infect neighbouring susceptible cells at the site of initial entry and cause localised infection. Alternatively, virus may disseminate to other parts of the body via lymphatic or haematogenous routes and cause systemic infection (Burrell, Howard, and Murphy 2017; Fenner et al. 1987).