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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Screening and Diagnostic Tests
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
We previously examined the Pap smear as a screening test for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The same study which evaluated the performance of the Pap smear also assessed the properties of the hpv test – which screens for the DNA of oncogenic human papillomaviruses – to identify the presence of cervical cancer [143]. Let D+ be the event that a female has cervical cancer, D- the event that she does not, and T+ a positive hpv test. The study found that the sensitivity of the hpv test is 94.6%; therefore,
Disease prevention and screening in public health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Martin C.S. Wong, Junjie Huang, Kevin Law, Hanyue Ding, Yun-yang Deng
Cervical cancer experienced the fourth highest incidence and mortality in women around the world. In 2018, there were nearly 510,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 311,000 related deaths worldwide (Bray et al., 2018). Existing screening methods include Pap test and human papilloma virus (HPV) test (Table 9.3). The Se and Sp of pap test were 55%–80% and ≥ 90% (Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society, 2020), whilst the Se and Sp of HPV test were about 73%–90% and 50%–70%, respectively. Studies have shown that compared with women who are screened only by cytology, women screened with combined HPV test and cytology have a lower incidence of cervical cancer (Ronco et al., 2010). In addition, HPV vaccination is currently being recommended for children as early as the age of 9. It consists of two doses at least 6 months apart. Studies have shown that its administration could effectively reduce future incidence of cervical cancer (Hansen et al., 2018).
Limitations of standard cost-effectiveness methods for health technology assessment of treatments for rare, chronic diseases: a case study of treatment for cystic fibrosis
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Jaime L. Rubin, Andrea Lopez, Jason Booth, Penilla Gunther, Anupam B. Jena
Our findings suggest that standard CEA approaches to discounting exert significant influence on ICERs for therapies that confer a substantial clinical benefit and extend life over long periods of time. In a similar example, Westra et al. investigated the impact of discounting approaches on the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating 12-year-old girls with the human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine40,41. Girls are vaccinated at the age of 12 to prevent substantial morbidity and mortality associated with human papillomavirus and cervical cancer that could occur when they are much older40. The analysis by Westra et al. demonstrated that clinical benefits (i.e. QALYs) were reduced by approximately 80% when a flat 3% discount rate was applied compared with no discount rate, and ICERs increased proportionally (€7600 vs. €37,000)40. Alternatively, discounting has little or no impact on the CEAs of therapies for which benefits are proximal to the start of the model, such as oncology interventions or the treatment of acute conditions like infections. A recent example evaluating the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab, a novel first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, reported that the projected life expectancy for patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab was only 3.99 life years and that reducing the discount rate from 3% to 0% changed the ICERs by less than 10%42.
Swallowing and communication outcomes following primary transoral robotic surgery for advanced or recurrent oropharyngeal cancer: Case series
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Emma Charters, Hans Bogaardt, Amy Freeman-Sanderson, Kirrie Ballard, Sarah Davies, Justine Oates, Jonathan Clark
Six patients (five males and one female) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were recruited (Table I). There were no patients lost to follow up, and no exclusions from the study. The median age was 57.5 years (range 49–77). There were equal numbers of base of tongue (BOT) and tonsil primary cancer sites (each n = 3). Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) status was positive in four cases. Median duration of tracheostomy cannulation was 12.5 days (6–39) and feeding tube duration was 192 days (13–365). Baseline (2-weeks pre-operative) FOIS and PSSHN data compared with 3-month and 12-month post-TORS data are detailed in Figures 1–4. Detailed outcome measure scoring at 12-months post-TORS is reported in Table II. Participants undergoing a salvage procedure did not return to their pre-operative baseline diet, nor were they as confident eating in public compared to pre-operative scores. All participants demonstrated either penetration (secretion severity score 1; n = 3) or aspiration (secretion severity score of 3; n = 3) of secretions. All participants experienced laryngeal penetration (PAS score 2–5; n = 2) or aspiration (PAS score 6–8; n = 4) on fluids and/or liquids. All except one participant scored 5 on the airway protection scale, indicating they achieved true vocal fold closure, three (50%) remained reliant on a feeding tube at 12-months post-TORS. Below the outcomes for each participant are summarised individually.
Does group education affect mothers’ knowledge and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine?
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Nevin Çitak Bilgin, Dilek Coşkuner Potur, Gülnur Yildirim
Sexually transmitted infections are an important public health issue worldwide. While some of these infections can be treated, some viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), cannot be treated (World Health Organization (WHO), 2019). HPV has 200 different genotypes (Özerdoğan & Gürsoy, 2017; Ulus, 2015), and some genotypes (6, 11, 16, and 18) are known to cause warts and cervical cancer in the genital area (Ulus, 2015; WHO, 2019). The WHO reported in 2018 that more than 290 million women worldwide were infected with HPV, 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer were observed, and 311,000 women died due to this cancer (WHO, 2019). Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women living in underdeveloped countries and ranks fourth among all the cancers occurring in women of all ages worldwide (WHO & IARC, 2018). Cervical cancer is a major health problem in Turkey, ranking third among the cancers of the female reproductive system and second with respect to the mortality rate associated with these cancers (WHO & IARC, 2018).