China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pathogenesis of cancer
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
The potential for human papilloma virus (HPV) to cause cancer is most frequently expressed as the development of benign papillomas (warts) on the genitalia. It is generally considered to be sexually transmitted, infection risk being related to the number of sexual partners and sexual practices such as oral sex. HPV types 6 and 11 are considered low risk for malignant change. HPV types 16 and 18 are high-risk types and account for 70% of cervical cancers. HPV infection is also implicated in the genesis of cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and cancers of the vulva and anal canal. The mechanism is related to viral production of two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which inactivate the P53 tumour-suppressor gene leading to cancer induction. Routine vaccination against HPV in girls is now available in many countries which is expected to reduce the incidence of such cancers in the future.
Indeterministic Causality
Published in Donald Gillies, Causality, Probability, and Medicine, 2019
I have simplified the situation somewhat in my account. Human papilloma viruses are a complicated group of viruses, and only some of them have the property of causing cervical cancer. The most important of these are HPV16 and HPV18 which together are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases. GlaxoSmithKline’s vaccine, cervarix, was designed against HPV16 and HPV18, and so is protective only against about 70% of cervical cancer cases, or possibly 80% if there is cross immunity with other HPV types. However, as Vonka and Hamš iková point out (2007, p. 137), it should be possible to develop further vaccines, including some additional pathological HPV types, which will have a broader effect, and perhaps reduce CaCer incidence by 90% or more. Altogether this has been a remarkable story of the discovery of a way of preventing a widespread and very nasty form of cancer.
Human papillomavirus
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
The human papillomavirus is a virus with many different strains (approximately 150), some of which are sexually transmitted and cause either genital warts or dysplasia. Genital warts are small benign growths (papillomas) on the skin in the genital area which, although unsightly, are not a serious medical problem. Dysplasia is abnormal cells of the cervix in females, which may be a precursor to cervical cancer.
Systemic bevacizumab for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. A case series
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Kristine Grubbe Gregersen, Jeppe Friborg, Claus Andrup Kristensen, Kristian Hveysel Bork
Forty-one-year-old woman of south-east Asian origin (2022) with rapid debut at age 35 of glottic and supraglottic papilloma, biopsy consistent with papilloma without dysplasia or necrotizing granulomas but HPV negative on PCR analysis. The papillomatosis involved the vocal cords arytenoid region, and epiglottis. Surgically very difficult to access and she was quickly in need of tracheostomy. She had three attempts for surgical debridement with KTP-laser ablation before referral to systemic bevacizumab and received five series 10 mg/kg in 3-week interval (2016). Due to low hemoglobin and declining general condition treatment was terminated, but there was still no recurrence of papilloma (complete response) after five years of follow-up (see Figure 2). She was decannulated 3 months after the last series but due to severe glottic agglutination after treatment, seven attempts have been made to address the webbing; patient is forming keloid also in other locations. The declining general condition was found to be concurrent with pulmonary tuberculosis, diagnosis probably delayed because of suspected side effects to bevacizumab treatment. Revision of the pathology report did find classic papilloma morphology and not necrotizing granulomas. She has not received HPV vaccination.
Orf virus infection of the hand in a Scottish sheep farmer. A case report to increase awareness to avoid misdiagnosis
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Yasmeen Khan, Jordon Currie, Clare Miller, David Lawrie
The clinical presentation can be variable depending on the health of the host. The incubation period has been reported to be approximately 2 weeks from transmission [1,4,5]. Healthy patients usually present with a single skin lesion often found on the hand. The lesion progresses through a cycle of stages form presentation to resolution at approximately 8 weeks [8]. There are 6 stages of the lesion the initial stage begins with a maculo-papular stage with erythematous papule, the lesion is red/brown in colour and has a halo this is called a target lesion and represents the acute phase. The next stage is when the lesion weeps a clear fluid, this is called the active phase and then progresses to become dry known as the regenerative stage. This results in a papilloma-like lesion referred to as the papillomatous stage. The lesion forms a dry crust which then spontaneously resolves with minimal scarring [9].
Long-term survival after treatment for primary anal cancer– results from the Swedish national ANCA cohort study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Mia Johansson, Anna Axelsson, Eva Haglind, David Bock, Eva Angenete
In recent years a worldwide increase in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus has been observed [1–4]. However, it is still a rare disease with approximately 150 new cases yearly until 2015 in Sweden. In a majority of cases, the cancer is associated with Human Papilloma virus (HPV), above all high risk types HPV 16 or 18 [5]. Apart from very small anal cancers where surgery might be an option, recommended primary treatment is chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Radiotherapy is often given with a total radiation dose of 50−60 Gray (Gy) and concomitant chemotherapy where fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with mitomycin C (MMC) is considered gold standard [6–8]. The prognosis is good with 3- or 5-year recurrence free and overall survival rates reported to between 63% and 86% in European and Nordic materials [2,9,10]. In cases of incomplete remission or loco-regional recurrence patients may be considered for salvage surgery with abdomino-perineal excision (APE), after which 5-year survival rates have been reported to be 40% [11,12]. In the Nordic countries several treatment schedules have been developed over the last 20 years within the Nordic Anal Cancer Group (NOAC) in which most but not all centers in Sweden have been members [9], but during the study period for this cohort there were no national treatment guidelines in Sweden. The aim of this study was to determine long-term (up to 9 years) oncological outcome and the types of treatments given based on data from a national cohort of patients with anal cancer treated before the development of national guidelines and before centralization of treatment in Sweden.