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Published in Ashfaq A Marghoob, Ralph Braun, Natalia Jaimes, Atlas of Dermoscopy, 2023
Natalia Jaimes, Michael A. Marchetti
Mucous membranes are epithelial surfaces with mucus-secreting cells that form the lining of body cavities; for example, the mucosa of the mouth lines the oral cavity, including the gingivae, palate, lips, buccal surfaces, and floor of the mouth.1 Mucous membranes are generally nonkeratinized stratified squamous epitheliums, although different sites demonstrate varying degrees of keratinization. Examples of mucosal surfaces include the conjunctivae, oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, and anogenital mucosa.
Allergic and Immunologic Reactions
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Saira N. Agarwala, Aspen R. Trautz, Sylvia Hsu
Approximately one-quarter of patients with SJS/TEN will require mechanical intubation. Of those who survive, many patients are left with permanent scarring, especially in areas that became infected or required surgical debridement and/or grafting. Numerous long-term complications secondary to mucous membrane involvement can also occur.
The Inducible Defense System: Antibody Molecules and Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
IgA is an important first line of defense. Its principal function is to protect mucous membranes from infection. It is synthesized by plasma cells in the submucosa of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and in excretory glands and is found at high concentrations in the lymphoid tissues and in secretions such as saliva, sweat, tears, urine, nasal fluid and milk. IgA provides protection to the newborn. They obtain it by ingestion with the first milk or colostrum. IgA is the second most abundant Ig in serum.
Ectropion following topical 5-fluorouracil treatment
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Emma Villamaria, Nicole Dacy, Allie Preston, Chad Housewright
In accordance with these instructions, we highlight the importance of thorough patient counseling when prescribing topical 5-fluorouracil. In particular, patients should be advised to wash their hands thoroughly after application and avoid applying the medication near the eye. Dermatologists should emphasize that application near the orbital rim, eyelid, and medial and lateral canthi should be strictly avoided. Avoidance of mucous membranes is also recommended to avoid increased absorption and potential systemic toxicity. Additionally, dermatologists may consider providing further education to patients of advanced age, as barriers to medication compliance may affect these patients more significantly. For example, aging-related impairments in vision may affect the patient’s ability to read the medication handout and instructions.9 Additionally, elderly skin around the orbital rim may be more fragile and therefore prone to a more severe reaction if inadvertently exposed to the medication. As a result, we recommend educating patients about the possibility of these risks and performing risk-benefit analysis before prescribing topical 5-fluorouracil.
Fabrication of bio-engineered chitosan nanoformulations to inhibition of bacterial infection and to improve therapeutic potential of intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response in infection induced rat model
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xiao Wan, Liu Liu, Lu Ding, Zhiqiang Zhu
The in vivo therapeutic potential of prepared nanoformulations was qualitatively investigated by histopathological observations of cross-sectioned rat GUT intestinal morphology after 28-days of administration as exhibited (Figure 7). The histopathological observations of Cur@CS NPs and control show pathological damages to villi in the ileum, duodenum, and jejunum. At the same time, Cur/Amp@CS NPs administrated models exhibited improved villous height and crypt depth of ileum, duodenum, and jejunum. The enhancement ratio of V and C in sections of duodenum and jejunum was measured in Cur/Amp@CS NPs with comparison of Cur@CS NPs. Generally, intestinal mucous membrane forms an epithelial cell constructed monolayer, would mainly contribute to the important intestinal functions of digestion, nutrients absorption and preventing disturbances of pathogens and toxic substances from intake foods. Commonly, digestive related syndromes and microbes’ infections could create intestinal dysfunction and impaired epithelial function significantly affect villus height, immune homeostasis, unbalancing absorptive-secretory electrolytes, enhanced inflammatory response, and upsetting barrier functions would lead to diarrhea. Our observations demonstrated that prepared nanoformulations Cur/Amp@CS NPs and Cur@CS NPs have significantly protected intestinal morphology (Figure 7) by upsurging the villus height, which was greatly consistent with previously proved results (Chen & Zhou, 2018; Pei et al., 2019).
Therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19: is a new age of IgM, IgA and bispecific antibodies coming?
Published in mAbs, 2022
Jingjing Zhang, Han Zhang, Litao Sun
Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, viruses first affect the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, the mucous membrane is the first line of immune system defense. IgM and IgA are mucosal antibodies in the early stages of immune response against mucosal pathogens. IgM typically assembles into pentamers that contain 10 antigen-binding sites and the joining chain (J-chain) (Figure 1b). The J-chain of pentameric IgM enables its binding to the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) on cells, allowing the transcytosis of IgM from the circulation to the mucosal surfaces.16 In contrast, IgA exists in monomeric form (mIgA) in serum but is present as dimers (dIgA) at mucosal surface, termed secretory IgA (sIgA), which contains two IgA molecules with a J-chain and a secretory component (SC) (Figure 1b). In respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, IgM and sIgA serve as the main mediator of mucosal immunity. These features make the intranasal delivery of IgM or IgA neutralizing antibodies feasible for the treatment of COVID-19. Meanwhile, these characteristics also raise questions as to whether SARS-CoV-2-induced IgM or IgA neutralizing antibodies exert more potent effects than IgG, and whether IgM or IgA neutralizing antibodies are superior to IgG in covering escape variants of SARS-CoV-2. If so, more data are needed to show how we can improve the current vaccines or develop novel immunization methods to boost early and mucosal immune response in COVID-19.