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Skin, soft tissue and bone infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Varicella zoster virus is spread by respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicles; incubation is 10–21 days. Herpes simplex virus is spread by direct contact including sexual transmission; it enters through skin breaks or the mucosal surface; incubation is 2–12 days. Both can spread from mother to baby in the perinatal period. Those at risk of complications of HSV and VZV include immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, children and elderly people.
Infectious Diseases
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Vas Novelli, Delane Shingadia, Huda Al-Ansari
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the neonate can be acquired during the intrauterine, intrapartum or postnatal period. More than 85% of cases occur following intrapartum transmission. In the UK, the incidence of neonatal HSV infection is much less than in the USA.
Endometrial inflammation
Published in T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng, Richard Wing-Cheuk Wong, Hao Chen, Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng
There are few documented cases of herpes simplex endometritis. Reported cases have occurred as a component of fatal herpes simplex viremia, in conjunction with herpes simplex cervicitis and in endometrial specimens from women with miscarriages in whom there was no clinical suspicion of herpes simplex infection. On microscopic examination, herpes simplex endometritis is characterised by the finding of multinucleated epithelial and stromal cells with enlarged, ground-glass nuclei containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. There may be focal necrosis of endometrium associated with acute inflammation.20 The diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstration of stromal and epithelial cells showing immunoreactivity to herpes simplex virus antigens.
Hypopyon after Periocular Corticosteroid Injection: A Case Series
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
A 59-year-old woman presented complaining of decreased vision of the right eye for 3 days. The patient’s past medical history was significant for recurrent uveitis of right eye during last 17 years. She was diagnosed with anterior uveitis of the right eye 3 days ago and treated with topical tobramycin and dexamethasone ophthalmic eye drop 8 time daily, mydriasis 4 time daily, 5 mg dexamethasone periorbital injection for 2 days consecutively, and 10 mg triamcinolone acetonide sub-conjunctiva injection on the third day. At presentation, her visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Her IOP was 19 mmHg in the right eye and 20 mmHg in the left eye. Clinical examination of the right eye revealed corneal edema, descement’s membrane folds, fine keratic precipitate without flare or cells, and 1 mm hypopyon in anterior chamber (Figure 3a–c). Fundus exam of right eye revealed light haze in anterior vitreous. A diagnosis of herpes simplex virus endotheliitis was made. In addition to the steroid and mydriasis treatment, she was prescribed oral famciclovir 250 mg 3 time daily. Her hypopyon resolved in the second day follow-up. At 1 week visit, slit lamp exam showed clear cornea, and keratic precipitate and anterior vitreous haze resolved (Figure 3d). She kept using oral famciclovir and tapered off the corticosteroids in 1 month. At her 2-month follow-up visit, her BCVA was 20/20 in the right eye.
Multimodal Imaging of a Severe Case of Neonatal Acute Retinal Necrosis and Lens Vacuoles Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Takamasa Kinoshita, Akira Hatanaka, Junya Mori, Kei Akaiwa, Hiroko Imaizumi
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is commonly acquired from the genital tract at birth, and infrequently acquired through transplacental transmission of the HSV virus. It is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.1 It affects the skin, mouth, eyes, central nervous system, and the visceral organs such as the lungs, liver, and adrenal glands. Ocular involvement includes blepharoconjunctivitis, keratitis and, very rarely, acute retinal necrosis (ARN). Several reports have described the characteristics of neonatal ARN associated with HSV infection with fundus photography.2–6 However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that documents the clinical course of extremely severe neonatal ARN with multimodal imaging, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Furthermore, in the same case, we demonstrate bilateral lens vacuoles with asymmetrical clinical course; these have not been described previously, as far as we know. Signed informed consent was obtained from the patient’s parents.
Signal peptide peptidase: a potential therapeutic target for parasitic and viral infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Christopher Schwake, Michael Hyon, Athar H. Chishti
The human herpes simplex virus types −1 and −2 (HSV-1/2) cause chronic lifelong infection that are mainly asymptomatic; however, blisters and sores can occur in infected individuals. Furthermore, HSV-1 can cause serious eye infections with risk of blindness. HSV-1 utilizes its envelope protein glycoprotein K (gK) for binding to SPP during infection and this interaction is required for replication (Figure 5D) [78]. No other HSV-1 gene binds to SPP except gK. A later study investigating the involvement of SPP in HSV-1 infection in vivo using an inducible SPP mouse knockout model confirmed gK as a binding partner of SPP [79]. Interestingly, they found that viral latency was also reduced in SPP knockout mice [79]. Pharmacological inhibition of SPP with five small molecule inhibitors including (Z-LL)2-ketone and L685,485 were able to reduce HSV-1 replication in tissue culture [80]. Viral replication was impacted due to HSV-1 gene expression being blocked in the nucleus but not in the cytoplasm in the presence of SPP inhibitors [80]. Importantly, (Z-LL)2-ketone administered to the eyes of mice infected with HSV-1 significantly decreased viral replication. Therefore, disruption of SPP activity may be a potential therapy for HSV-1 induced eye disease, and should be examined further, especially due to concern of acyclovir-resistant isolates and the lack of a prophylactic vaccine [81].