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Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Dysentery may be caused by Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Entamoeba hystolytica. If there is profuse, watery ‘rice water’, suspect Vibrio cholerae. Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi may cause constipation in immunocompetent adults; however, they can be associated with diarrhoea (see below). Consider non-gastrointestinal infections that can cause diarrhoea, for example, toxic shock, severe malaria and pneumonia. Patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; more common among refugees from sub-Saharan Africa) are susceptible to similar pathogens, as well as non-typhoidal salmonellosis, mycobacteria, cytomegalovirus (CMV), cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis; the latter is associated with malaise, nausea, crampy abdominal pain and low-grade fever. If diarrhoea is green and offensive with recent antibiotic use, consider Clostridium difficile. Consider enterotoxigenic E. coli in patients with suspected haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). E. histolytica can cause extra-intestinal disease, including amoebic liver, lung or brain abscesses.
Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Garima Verma, Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
An intestinal infection accompanied by severe diarrhea with blood is seen as a case of dysentery. In certain cases, mucus may be seen in the stool. Symptoms of dysentery include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, high fever, and dehydration. Generally, it occurs due to poor hygiene. It may spread through contaminated food, contaminated water, improper handwashing, and physical contact. Treatment options for this issue include medications like bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, or tinidazole. Natural options for treating this problem are given in Table 9.3.
Infectious Diarrhoea
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Medically important Salmonella spp. causing diarrhoea are S. choleraesuis, S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Most infections are acquired by eating poultry, eggs or dairy products and are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Shigella spp. cause dysentery, which is a clinical syndrome consisting of fever, bloody diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Shigellosis is primarily caused by S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei. Shigella spp. are genetically very similar to E. coli and are now biogroups within the species E. coli. Humans are the only reservoir for Shigella spp., with more than half of all infections occurring in children younger than 10 years. Shigellosis is transmitted person-to-person by the fecal-oral route through contaminated hands and, less commonly, contaminated water or food. Yersinia enterocolitica can grow in cold temperature and can grow to high numbers in refrigerated food or blood products and is associated with transfusion-related sepsis. Enteric disease in children may manifest as enlarge mesenteric lymph nodes and mimic acute appendicitis. Yersinosis is a zoonotic infection, with humans as accidental hosts.
Appraisal of surface water quality in vicinity of industrial areas and associated ecological and human health risks: a study on the Bangshi river in Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mahmuda Binte Latif, Md. Abul Kalam Khalifa, Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Md. Shakir Ahammed, Alisha Islam, Md. Humayun Kabir, Tanmoy Roy Tusher
As a consequence of industrial expansion in Mirzapur region, industrial waste and effluents containing various heavy metals are supposed to release directly into the surround waterbodies, especially into the Bangshi river. Moreover, agricultural runoff and municipal wastewater discharge amplify the risks of river water pollution. Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environment is one of the major issues of concern because of its toxic and persistent character, which can severe problems because of their potential to be accumulated in living organisms as well as biomagnified at higher trophic levels (Zhan et al. 2010, Jiang et al. 2014). Thus, there is huge possibility of acceleration of river water pollution in Mirzapur region, which may cause severe detrimental effects on riverine ecosystem and neighboring dwellers by causing health issues through direct ingestion and dermal contact (Khan et al. 2011, Saha and Paul 2019). Earlier studies (e.g. Tokatli and Ustaoğlu 2020, Ustaoğlu et al. 2021) reported that peoples residing around industrial areas often suffer from different dermal diseases, gastric, ulcer and dysentery that may be linked to the consumption of polluted water. Therefore, an extensive research is needed to assess the water quality and quantify the level of contaminants i.e. trace/heavy metals in Bangshi river water which may be responsible for possible ecological and human health hazards.
Mechanisms of bacillary dysentery: lessons learnt from infant rabbits
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
The presence of blood in stool is a hallmark of bacillary dysentery. Our comparative analysis with bacterial mutants in the infant rabbit model provided critical insight into the mechanisms supporting bloody diarrhea. In animals infected with wild type bacteria, we observed vascular lesions as indicated by massive presence of red blood cells in the intestinal mucosa (Figure 2(a), top, RBC and Figure 2(b), middle). Importantly, we also observed vascular lesions in animals infected with the spreading-defective mutant ΔicsA (Figure 2(a), bottom and Figure 2(c), middle). Since we did not observe signs of vascular lesions in animals challenged with the invasion-defective T3SS mutant, these results indicate that vascular lesions occur in response to intracellular infection of epithelial cells, regardless of the ability of the bacteria to spread from cell to cell. We speculate that in response to the presence of bacteria in the cytosol, epithelial cells produce cytokines that may remotely affect endothelial cell junctions, leading to massive leakage of blood vessels. It is also possible that the production of chemokines leads to infiltration of immune cells, which may also affect the integrity of endothelial cell junctions. The mechanisms supporting S. flexneri cytosolic detection in vivo and leading to cytokine and chemokine expression are poorly understood. In addition to the mechanisms supporting epithelial fenestration, the infant rabbit model offers a new platform to dissect the mechanisms mediating vascular lesions.
Perkins’s patent metallic “Tractors”: Development, adoption, and early dissemination of an eighteenth-century therapeutic fad
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2019
With Oliver’s letter was a copy of one of Perkins’s notices on the subject: In the course of an extensive practice for about five years past, I have met with the most pleasing success in treating the dysentery and scarlatina anginosa [scarlet fever]; and as these complaints frequently extend their baneful ravages, I take pleasure in communicating to the public a simple remedy, which, when judiciously used, has seldom failed of removing those diseases.Saturate any quantity of the best vinegar with common marine salt; to one large table-spoonful of this solution, add four times the quantity of boiling water; let the patient take this preparation, as hot as it can be swallowed, one teaspoonful once in a half a minute until the whole is drank: this for an adult. The quantity may be varied according to the age, size, and constitution of the patient. If necessary, repeat the dose once in six or eight hours. Considerable evacuations I conceive to be not only unncessary, but injurious, as they serve to debilitate and prolong the disease. … The simplicity of this treatment renders it the more valuable, as all persons have it in their power to avail themselves of its use.—I have found it useful in agues [i.e., malaria or some other illness involving fever and shivering], diarrhœas, and the yellow fever. (Perkins E, 1797b, pp. 34–35; Perkins E, 1798a)