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The philosophical implications of fundamental cause theory
Published in Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health, 2023
How does this relate to FCT and Powers and Faden’s health sufficiency model of social justice? Understanding the complexity and the potential trade-off between absolute and relative population health values is crucial for priority-setting in public health policy. Applying FCT to Powers and Faden’s model suggests that those variables that satisfy the criteria for fundamental causation are extremely likely to belong to the set of factors that drive densely woven patterns of disadvantage. In other words, FCT does not simply replicate the results of decades of epidemiologic studies documenting the effects of social conditions on health but provides a pathway to identifying those social conditions that are of paramount importance in producing health and its distribution in population. Consider Link and Phelan’s example of sanitation: Presuming an equitable distribution of sanitation, the whole population’s health will improve. At the same time, because the least well-off bear disproportionate burdens of waterborne disease, sanitation-induced health gains will be greater for the poor than for the affluent. Sanitation both improves absolute health and compresses health inequities and is therefore ethically optimal.(Goldberg 2014: 1840)
Occupational Hygiene Assessments for the Use of Protective Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Some countries have a legal requirement for a “hazard assessment” before the selection and use of gloves and personal protective equipment. For example, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in its several standards (personal protection equipment, hazard communication, lead, sanitation, and hand protection) requires the employer to assess the workplace to determine whether hazards are present or likely to be present and, if so, to select the appropriate personal protective equipment for the specific hazards involved. It also requires that the selection decision be communicated to the affected employee, that the equipment fits properly, and that training of employees in the use and limitations of the equipment is provided. The occupational hygiene process incorporates these required elements of the assessment.
Recent Trends in Bio-Medical Waste, Challenges and Opportunities
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
Biomedical waste includes solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste, which are all generated as a result of human and animal healthcare activities. It is dangerous because it has a high potential for damage, not only to people but also to the environment if it is not properly managed. As a consequence, sanitation of medical waste is an important step in minimising the risks of handling and transportation. This major advancement also provides assurance to hospital administrations in charge of hazardous waste for as long as it presents a threat. The four main kinds of biomedical waste are clinical garbage, laboratory rubbish, nonclinical trash, and kitchen trash. Despite the fact that infectious or hazardous hospital trash makes only a small proportion of total medical waste, it is a hot topic among the public owing to ethical issues and potential health risks. The bulk of hazardous and toxic waste is generated in hospitals and clinics. Domestic and industrial sources make up a small percentage of the total. At the very least, the first two categories should be a significant cause of concern for everyone engaged in healthcare operations. As a consequence, all medical institutions should have sufficient medical waste disposal equipment. If not, a variety of accidents may occur, and healthy people could get ill simply as a result of not being careful enough while handling medical waste.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Villages: Results from a National Survey
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2022
Natalie Galucia, Nancy Morrow-Howell, Peter Sun, Tanner Meyer, Ying Li
Only 14% of Village respondents reported an increase in requests for services from their members, 15% reported that the number of requests remained the same, while the majority of respondents (71%) reported that they saw a decrease in service requests. Three-quarters (77%) of Village respondents reported reluctance from their volunteers to provide services to members, stemming generally from fears about exposure to the virus. Because of the pandemic, the need for volunteers to provide services has increased for 31% of Village respondents, has remained the same for 22% and has decreased for nearly half (47%). Overall, 34% of respondents reported an increase in the total number of volunteers, 42% reported that the number of volunteers remained the same and 24% reported a decrease in the total number of volunteers. A majority (91%) of Village respondents reported that they instituted new policies and/or procedures for volunteers and completing services requests. These policies and procedures included no-contact or outdoor only service provision; guidelines for sanitation and use of personal protective equipment; and COVID-19 liability waivers.
Field-testing of the revised, draft South African Paediatric Food-Based Dietary Guidelines among mothers/caregivers of children between the ages of 3 and 5 years in the Northern Metropole, City of Cape Town, Western Cape province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
The hand-washing SA-PFBDG is an example of a ‘nutrition-sensitive’ approach, improving individual nutrition security.18,19 All participants reported having heard of this guideline before and implementing hand-washing. This reflects the potential for success in spreading vital information when sectors join forces (e.g. health, education and sanitation). Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a universal approach to reduce incidence of infectious diseases. Lack of access to water and low implementation of personal hygiene increases the probability of young-child morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases (e.g. diarrhoea).19 For significant further improvements in food safety and to decrease the incidence of infectious diseases in lower income areas, government must improve WASH as well as access to safe drinking water on a structural level.20
Influence of toilet access on antiretroviral adherence intention among pregnant and breastfeeding women who are HIV-positive and enrolled in Option B+
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Jerry John Nutor, Jaime C. Slaughter-Acey, Shannon P. Marquez, Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, Florence Momplaisir, Loretta S. Jemmott
Adequate sanitation is a basic global human right. Adequate sanitation not only promotes health, but also increases human dignity and is an important social determinant of health (Mara et al., 2010; Marmot et al., 2008; Nutor et al., 2017). Access to toilet facilities can vary by urban and rural locations as well as by household socio-economic resources. This study took place in Zambia with pregnant and breastfeeding women receiving antiretroviral drugs in an effort to prevent HIV transmission to their infant. As in other developing countries, adequate sanitation and toilet access are particularly critical because these mothers live with compromised immune systems and are therefore more susceptible to other infectious diseases (Coffie et al., 2010). For women, regardless of their HIV status, the demand for toilet infrastructure and potable water increases during pregnancy and breastfeeding. These demands become more pressing for women receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) because of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems associated with treatment (Coffie et al., 2010; Timmermans et al., 2005). Lack of access to sanitary toilet facilities could consequently hinder adherence to ART. A need exists, therefore, to more fully understand how types of toilet infrastructure in households can influence a woman’s intention to adhere to ART.