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Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1)/Juvenile Diabetes/Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Juvenile-onset diabetes is usually caused by an autoimmune process wherein the immune system begins destroying healthy insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells within the islets of Langerhans. This destructive process can go on for months or years before symptoms appear, often relatively suddenly. Eventually, without adequate amounts of insulin, glucose cannot enter into the body’s cells. Thereafter, blood sugar levels build up and remain high, causing symptoms such as increased thirst, fatigue, unintended weight loss, mood changes, excessive urination, and increased hunger.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, and nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome are the most common conditions linked to carbohydrate metabolism. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are distinguished by various features. Impaired glucose regulation is related to impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. These strong risk factors for diabetes mellitus may be present for many years before the disease actually manifests. Diabetes is linked to higher risks for cardiovascular disease, but in most cases, common microvascular complications do not develop. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is insufficient insulin produced, due to autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction. This situation may be initiated by environmental factors, if an individual is genetically susceptible. The beta cells are continually destroyed over months or years, until their mass has decreased to a point at which insulin concentration can no longer control plasma levels of glucose. Type 1 diabetes most often develops in childhood or adolescence. In the past decades, it was the most common form of diabetes diagnosed in people younger than age 30. However, type 1 diabetes can also develop in adults, often seeming to be type 2 diabetes at first, and described as latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood. In non-Caucasians, some cases of type 1 diabetes are idiopathic and do not apparently related to autoimmunity. It is not fully understood how beta cells are destroyed, but there are interactions between environmental factors, autoantigens, and susceptibility genes.
Diabetes
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The primary prevention of diabetes means focusing on the modifiable risk factors. Currently, type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. The priorities for preventing type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes (with no previous history) are to reduce or avoid high body fat, including abdominal fatobesogenic environmentsbuilt-up environments with high air, noise and traffic pollutionsmoking tobaccohigh alcohol consumptionregular consumption of sugary drinksinactive and sedentary behaviouradverse childhood experiences
The effects of pomegranate peel extract on the gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Shahrokh Bagheri, Reza Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi, Vahideh Assadollahi, Peyman Khosravi, Ahmad Cheraghi Venol, Saeed Veiskerami, Hassan Ahmadvand
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder caused by the lack of insulin secretion or loss of cell sensitivity to insulin. DM is associated with increased blood glucose levels and disturbed metabolism of proteins and lipids (Halim and Halim 2019). Diabetes has a high prevalence and it is considered to be one of the most critical health problems worldwide. Type 1 diabetes is caused by failure of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin, which can occur due to immune reactions (e.g. T lymphocytes) against these cells or the effects of environmental factors (Tan et al. 2019). Hyperglycaemia caused by diabetes may lead to complications such as blindness, chronic renal failure, liver disorders, and a variety of neuropathies, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis (Landon et al. 2020). The role of oxidative stress has been suggested in hyperglycaemia-induced complications. Hyperglycaemia enhances the production of NADH and FADH2, and prevents the delivery of protons via the complex III of the electron transport chain, which results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of oxidative stress (Yaribeygi et al. 2019). On the other hand, ROS are highly toxic to cellular components, especially cell membranes that are predominantly composed of lipids. ROS break down membrane lipids and create lipid peroxide that is highly toxic to cells. ROS are metabolised via various non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways to reduce oxidative stress within cells (Su et al. 2019).
A Descriptive Study of the Quality of Life and Burden of Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2023
Erica Gallegos, Kasey B. Harmon, Gilliane Lee, Yongyue Qi, Vanessa D. Jewell
Type 1 diabetes affects one out of 400-600 children, making this chronic condition one of the prevalent in the United States (Pettitt et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body does not produce insulin and requires artificial insulin to survive (Craig et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes occurs in approximately 5-10% of people with diabetes, with most reported cases diagnosed in children (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2021). The disease requires immediate and constant attention and can often cause life-threatening conditions (Fritsch et al., 2011). Caregivers must adhere to a strict daily health management routine to promote the health of the child or adolescent (Streisand & Monaghan, 2014). For example, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes require continuous day and night glucose monitoring, daily guidance on nutrition intake, and collaboration between the adults (e.g., teacher, babysitters, relatives) involved in health management tasks (Hess-Fischl, 2015; Monaghan et al., 2009). This health management routine can contribute to disruption and stress in the caregiver’s life (Caro et al., 2018) and thus, also impacts the entire family unit.
Recent developments in adjunct therapies for type 1 diabetes
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2022
Joseph G. Timmons, Lucy Littlejohn, James G. Boyle, John R. Petrie
One hundred years on from the first therapeutic use of insulin, type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a lifelong condition associated with microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) and macrovascular (myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease) complications. These can be delayed or prevented by maintaining blood glucose parameters as near to normal as possible [1–4]. Internationally agreed targets for optimal glycemic control have been established [5,6], but on a population-wide basis are attained in only a minority of individuals, even within the healthcare systems of high-income countries [7]. In Scotland, UK, where there is near 100% case ascertainment, people with T1D have a life expectancy 11–13 years shorter than unaffected individuals. The commonest cause of premature mortality over 40 years old in T1D is cardiovascular death while in those under 40 years of age primary metabolic complications of diabetes including diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia are the commonest cause [8–10].