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The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
These are the most numerous cells in the blood, the principle functions of which are carriage of respiratory gases, as discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Haemoglobin molecules account for more than 95% of the composition of an RBC, and transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein. If iron is deficient in the body, then adequate amounts of haemoglobin cannot be made, resulting in anaemia and an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues (for causes and types of anaemia see Table 6.4). Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, and so are not able to divide to form new cells. They are formed through the process of haematopoiesis, principally in the red bone marrow – myeloid tissue. Erythrocytes are among the most abundant cells in the body, accounting for about one-third of all body cells.
Effects of treatment on bone and bone marrow
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Lia A Moulopoulos, Vassilis Koutoulidis
Bone marrow necrosis is a rare entity which has been reported to occur after chemotherapy, before the diagnosis of malignancy or at recurrence. In bone marrow necrosis, myeloid tissue is destroyed but spicular architecture is preserved (73). Changes on MRI are similar to osteonecrosis but in bone marrow necrosis they are more extensive, they affect predominantly the spine and pelvis rather than periarticular sites, and they do not lead to collapse of bone (74). They are of geographic shape and their signal intensity varies. The prognosis is dismal, with most patients dying shortly after diagnosis.
Hematopoietic Organs and Blood
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology, 2019
The free cells of the myeloid tissue are highly varied in form and in differentiation and are scattered irregularly throughout the tissue. Most of them are immature myeloid cells, that is, largely precusors of the erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets of the blood, with some lymphocytes and plasma cells. However, maturing and mature non-nucleated erythrocytes and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are present everywhere among the immature cells and constitute a readily available supply for the blood upon demand.
Chemoprotection by Kolaviron of Garcinia kola in Benzene-induced leukemogenesis in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Olaniyi Solomon Ola, Esther Oladayo Ogunkanmbi, Emmanuel Babatife Opeodu
Most cancer chemotherapy regimens and even the remission-induction therapy for the treatment of leukemia are accompanied by severe side effects besides their chemotherapeutic efficacy [8,9]. There is a need for modified treatment and intensive assessment of cytotoxic agents in the field of oncology [10] because many cytotoxic agents conferred severe side effects during the course of treatment [11,12]. Most commonly, some cancer chemotherapeutic agents are radiomimetic in nature especially alkylating agents affecting hematology, bone marrow cellularity and effective dysplasia formation in myeloid tissue, which may ultimately result in therapy-related myelodysplasia or acute myelogenous leukemia [13]. Therefore, leukemia burden has led to increased research in isolation and identification of more cytotoxic agents [14,15]. Considerably, herbal medicine that presents natural compounds of sufficient chemotherapeutic effect with little or no side effects may be investigated for cancer chemotherapy. One such natural compound is kolaviron, which is a biflavonoid isolate of the seed of Garcinia kola extract. It is a defatted fraction of Garcinia kola seed with valuable major constituents such as Garcinia biflavonoids GB1 and GB2 and kolaflavone [16,17]. It has organ protective capability [18], improved hematological indices and offered immunity boosting effects [19]. The safety profile of kolaviron, its antioxidant properties and antiproliferative capacity have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo [20–21]. Moreover, it is known to offer protection against xenobiotic and chemical-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicities in experimental murine models [22,23]. Therefore, the present work investigated the myeloprotective effect of kolaviron on benzene-induced bone marrow dysplasia in Wistar rats.
Evaluation of sodium orthovanadate as a radioprotective agent under total-body irradiation and partial-body irradiation conditions in mice
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Yuichi Nishiyama, Akinori Morita, Bing Wang, Takuma Sakai, Dwi Ramadhani, Hidetoshi Satoh, Kaoru Tanaka, Megumi Sasatani, Shintaro Ochi, Masahide Tominaga, Hitoshi Ikushima, Junji Ueno, Mitsuru Nenoi, Shin Aoki
Histological examination was performed for further assessment of the radioprotective efficacy of vanadate in the TBI model (Figure 4). The 10 Gy-TBI caused bone marrow cells to disappear from the femur of NS-treated mice. Vanadate effectively reduced the loss of bone marrow cells and megakaryocytes, indicating protective effect on the myeloid tissue. These results are correlated with higher survival rate in the vanadate-treated mice.
Development of gamma-tocotrienol as a radiation medical countermeasure for the acute radiation syndrome: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
As reported above, a single, prophylactic dose (200 mg/kg sc) of GT3 administered a day prior to acute, potentially lethal irradiation not only increased the prospects of survival but also significantly reduced the extent of life-threatening pancytopenia. As evidenced by the subsequent report, the radioprotection afforded by GT3 prophylaxis appeared to extend to vital hematopoietic tissues, particularly the more primitive hematopoietic compartments of bone marrow [35]. This protection by GT3 prophylaxis was inferred by the noted improved rates of recovery of the radiation depleted progenitorial marrow compartments (e.g. cKit+ lin− hematopoietic stem cells) and not necessarily by GT3ʹs blocking the initial depletion of those compartments [35,49,50]. Follow-up histopathology of bone marrow samples seemed to support the concept that GT3 treatments promoted the regeneration of myeloid tissues following acute irradiation. Mobilization of progenitor cells in peripheral blood by GT3 indicates that GT3 can be used as an alternative to G-CSF to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells [49,51–53]. These mobilized cells provide a significant survival benefit to irradiated mice when administered after total-body radiation exposure [52,54,55]. To understand the role of GT3-induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in mobilizing progenitors, donor mice were infused with antibodies to G-CSF prior to blood collection. Administration of a G-CSF antibody to GT3-injected mice significantly abrogated the efficacy (relative to GT3-survival benefit afforded to recipient animals) of blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from GT3 administered donors. Furthermore, GT3-mobilized PBMCs also inhibited the translocation of intestinal bacteria to the various organs and increased colony forming units-spleen (CFU-S) in irradiated mice. In brief, GT3 induces G-CSF, which mobilizes progenitors and these progenitors mitigate radiation injury in recipient mice. Such an approach using mobilized progenitors from GT3-injected donors could be a potential treatment for humans exposed to high doses of radiation [52].