China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Omega-3 PUFA and L-Arginine for Longer Life Span with a Longer Health Span
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Think about this: according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are four major cardiovascular disease risk factors: high blood pressure, unhealthy blood cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus and obesity. (3) There are others, of course, including smoking, abusing alcohol and/or drugs, heredity and so on, but these are said to be the major ones.
Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Oedema states: These have high levels of renin, angiotensin II aldosterone, vasopressin (ADH) and sympathetic nervous system activity, which all stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium and water, causing oedema. There three main oedema states are: Congestive heart failure (see Chapter 7, Cardiovascular disease)Liver failure (see Chapter 9, Liver, Biliary tract and pancreatic disease)Nephrotic syndrome (see page 286)
A woman found slumped in a chair
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
A stroke can be the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease (e.g. atheroma, atrial fibrillation, or silent myocardial infarction with mural thrombus) in a patient. The following common symptoms and signs may indicate chronic underlying cardiovascular disease:
Using elastography-based multilayer perceptron model to evaluate renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Ziman Chen, Tin Cheung Ying, Jiaxin Chen, Chaoqun Wu, Liujun Li, Hui Chen, Ting Xiao, Yongquan Huang, Xuehua Chen, Jun Jiang, Yingli Wang, Wuzhu Lu, Zhongzhen Su
Demographic information (including age, sex, and body mass index), liquid biopsy indicators (including blood urea nitrogen, serum albumin, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)), and comorbidity (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension) were obtained from each participant. The eGFR was calculated using the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula [28]. The CKD-EPI formula is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula for determining eGFR, as recommended by the KDIGO guideline (2012), especially for values greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 [22]. Furthermore, the CKD-EPI equation is preferred in general practice and public health [29]. As for the Cockcroft-Gault equation, it overestimates renal function, and the estimation of GFR is less accurate [30]. Liquid biopsy indicators were collected according to laboratory standard operating procedures within a week prior to the renal biopsy. Diabetes and hypertension were identified based on physician diagnosis with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes or documentation of patients taking insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and anti-hypertensive drugs. Cardiovascular disease was defined as the presence of heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease.
Frequency and clinicoeconomic impact of delays to definitive diagnosis of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the United States
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Srihari S. Naidu, Megan B. Sutton, Wei Gao, Jennifer T. Fine, Jipan Xie, Nihar R. Desai, Anjali T. Owens
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a myocardial disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), hypercontractility, and impaired diastolic function in the absence of other identifiable diseases that could account for such remodeling and dysfunction1,2. There is no reported distinct geographic, ethnic or sex pattern of distribution of the disease3. However, HCM is most commonly caused by genetic mutations1,2. Phenotypically, HCM is classified as either obstructive or nonobstructive. Obstructive HCM is defined clinically as a resting or provoked peak instantaneous left ventricular (LV) outflow gradient of ≥ 30 mm Hg and occurs in approximately 70% of patients with HCM4,5. Half of the patients with HCM are asymptomatic4. The remaining half present with various symptoms, such as fatigue, chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, and syncope, that are also common to other diseases, especially other cardiovascular diseases6. The current guideline-recommended pharmacologic treatment options for obstructive HCM focus on the treatment of symptoms rather than the underlying pathophysiological source of HCM. In cases where patients have persistent severe symptoms the treatment options also include septal reduction therapy2. For symptomatic patients, the cumulative disease burden can be substantial, including heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation, stroke, and sudden cardiac death (SCD)2,7,8.
Combined association of dietary fibre and cognitive function with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in older adults
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Huan Rui Zhang, Wen Tian, Guoxian Qi, Yu Jiao Sun
The sociodemographic information (age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, the ratio of income to poverty, smoking status) and medical-related information (Body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, cardiovascular and cancer) were obtained through face-to-face interviews and laboratory tests. Ethnicity was categorized into non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other Hispanic, and other race. Marital status was defined as married/with a partner, unmarried and other. Education was categorized into less than 11th grade and high-school grade and above. The ratio of income to poverty was categorized as below poverty (<1.30) and above poverty (≥1.30). Smoking status was defined as non-smoker and smoker. BMI was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by the square of height (m2). Hypertension was defined as self-reported hypertension, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or/and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or reported use of anti-hypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported diabetes, haemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose level ≥126mg/dl, or reported use of oral glucose-lowering medication or insulin. High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dl or reported use of the lipid-lowering drug. Cardiovascular disease was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack or stroke. Cancer was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of cancer.