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A patient with high blood pressure
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
Hypertension is usually symptomless (often called the ‘silent killer’), but it should be treated to reduce the risk of developing complications. The prevalence and risk of developing complications of hypertension increase with age. It is important to realise that hypertension is the major cardiovascular risk factor that is amenable to intervention and prevention.
Rehabilitation after Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Autonomic dysreflexia, seen in SCI, is considered to be a life-threatening medical emergency. This occurs in any SCI above the level of T5 and symptoms are directly attributable to loss of sympathetic control. Hypertension is common with blood pressures greater than 200/100 or 20–40 mmHg higher than normal. Clinical features include a pounding headache, flushed face, red skin blotches. sweating above the level of the spinal injury and cold clammy skin with goosebumps below. Nausea secondary to vagal parasympathetic stimulation and bradycardia is common.
The cases
Published in Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young, Paediatric Radiology for MRCPCH and FRCR, 2020
Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young
Treatment options are directed towards both the underlying cause and maintaining normal blood pressure. Hypertension can be controlled by a combination of diuretics, b-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and vasodilators. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause.
Association analysis of MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs1801131) and MTRR (rs1801394) gene polymorphisms towards the development of hypertension in the Bai population from Yunnan, China
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Yongxin Liu, Chunping Xu, Yuqing Wang, Caiting Yang, Genyuan Pu, Le Zhang, Zhuang Wang, Pengyan Tao, Shenghe Hu, Mingming Lai
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease characterized by a sustained rise in blood pressure. Hypertension can be divided into primary and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is the most common and prevalent form, with almost 90% reported cases (1). The complex pathogenesis of primary hypertension is determined by tight interactions between various genetic and environmental factors (2). At present, patients with hypertension mainly control their blood pressure through drugs or lifestyle changes. Researchers have shown that approximately 25–60% variability in human hypertension was attributed to multiple genetic factors (3). Studies on genetic factors of hypertension can identify susceptible individuals and provide valuable information and reference for clinical prevention and diagnosis of hypertension.
Gut microbiota and hypertension: association, mechanisms and treatment
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Zhihua Yang, Qingchun Wang, Yangxi Liu, Lin Wang, Zhao Ge, Zhenzhen Li, Shaoling Feng, Chongming Wu
Hypertension is not only a global public health problem but also the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, bringing a heavy economic burden to the society. The epidemiology of hypertension is characterized by high incidence, high disability rate, high mortality rate, and low awareness rate (1) (2). In 2021, about 330 million people are suffering from cardiovascular diseases in China, in which 245 million people are hypertensive patients (3). As the most important risk factor, control of blood pressure has been deemed as an essential method to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, available drugs for the treatment of hypertension mainly include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, diuretics, and so on. For patients with poor blood pressure control, it is often necessary to take a combination of multiple antihypertension drugs (1). Despite the continuous development of antihypertension drugs and occurrence of new surgical methods, the control of hypertension is still far from satisfactory (4). How to increase the efficiency of antiprevention drugs and delay the occurrence of hypertension-related cardiovascular diseases is a major challenge at present and even in the future.
Pre-bout hypertension in the combat sports athlete: clearance recommendations
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Kevin deWeber, Ken S Ota, Cicely Dye
High BP is the most common abnormal finding during pre-participation cardiovascular screening in athletes [5]. Hypertension is very common, with prevalence of 41% in men age 20–44 and 29% in women age 20–44 using JNC-8 criteria [1]. The prevalence rises dramatically with age. African Americans have the highest overall prevalence among the various races/ethnicities, followed by Asians, Caucasians, and Hispanics. The vast majority of hypertension is ‘essential’ and is caused by several factors including but not limited to advancing age, genetics, excessive salt use, inadequate exercise/fitness, and obesity. Secondary hypertension, which occurs in about 10% of adults, is caused by more specific and often remediable causes such as renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, aortic coarctation, drugs (prescription or illicit), obstructive sleep apnea, primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, primary hyperparathyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, and acromegaly [1].