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Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetes is a metabolism malady resulting in under production or no production of insulin in our body due to which glucose metabolism in our body becomes faulty. Production of insulin occurs through the pancreatic gland in our body and responsible for glucose uptake and breakdown, thus in its absence glucose starts to build up in the body creating a metabolic disorder. Diabetes is epidemic in nature and highest prevalence of hyperglycemia has been reported among adults in North Africa and Middle East region, i.e., 10.9% whereas, highest number of adults has been diagnosed in the region of Western Pacific, i.e., 37.5% (Kharroubi and Darwish, 2015). It plays an important role as a contributor to ill health and premature death worldwide. In India, hyperglycemia was considered to be a disease of urban population as it was more common in cities due to lifestyle changes and gradual increase of junk and fast-food intake. Diabetes symptoms include increase thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, hunger, and blurred vision.
Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that regulates glucose metabolism and other metabolic processes. Human insulin does not cross the placenta in physiologically significant amounts, but non-human insulin does. Subcutaneous injection is the usual route of administration for insulin, but in an emergency or during a stressful situation where a high degree of control is needed (e.g., labor, surgery), intravenous insulin is used to rapidly lower blood glucose.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
High-fructose corn syrup differs from other sugars in contributing to NAFLD because of the metabolism difference in the liver between it and glucose. Glucose metabolism uses glucokinase and hexokinase, where in fructose metabolism, fructokinase, principally fructokinase C, is used (Jensen et al. 2018). This creates the difference between the metabolism of the two sugars. While both produce glucose, glycogen, and triglycerides, fructose metabolism reduces intercellular phosphate and ATP levels due to an increase in nucleotide turnover and uric acid accumulation, where glucose metabolism does not (Jensen et al. 2018). This leads to temporary blocking of protein synthesis and increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key factors in the development of NAFLD and its comorbidities (Jensen et al. 2018).
Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and albuminuria in hypertensive individuals
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Yunfan Tian, Jingyu Sun, Ming Qiu, Yan Lu, Xuesong Qian, Wei Sun, Xiangqing Kong
Although the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the TyG index and albuminuria in hypertensive individuals have not been elucidated, they may be related to insulin resistance. In the present, the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test is used to measure IR. While the tests are time-consuming, invasive, and complex, they are difficult to apply to large populations in research and clinical environment. Guerrero et al. demonstrated in 2010 that the TyG index, which is the product of TG and glucose in plasma, could be a reasonable estimate of IR (8). In addition to serving as a simple and reliable surrogate marker of IR, the TyG index is also associated with metabolic abnormalities. This index was compared to the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and it was shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for IR detection (8). Insulin resistance can induce an imbalance in glucose metabolism, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia, which can trigger oxidative stress (25) and cause inflammation, which can lead to damage to vascular endothelial cells, increase microvascular permeability, and moderately increase glomerular urinary albumin. According to our findings, the TyG index may assess renal microvascular injury.
Hyperglycaemia and the risk of post-surgical adhesion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Gordon A. Ferns, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
Hyperglycaemia increases superoxide production (Nishikawa et al.2000). Under hyperglycaemic conditions, there is increased glucose entering the glycolytic pathway (important biochemical pathway in the cells for glucose metabolism) that produced two molecules of pyruvate. In aerobic conditions, pyruvates are converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA produced by pyruvate entered to the Krebs cycle in mitochondria. Three molecules of NADH are produced by each Krebs cycle (Sabri 1984). NADH is an electron carrier to transport electron in complex 1 of the electron transport chain in mitochondria for ATP synthesis. An excessive amount of NADH causes reductive stress by intracellular production of superoxide O2– (Liu et al.2002) (Figure 3). Superoxide is one of the most important ROS factors and can damage biomolecules and increase of inflammation (McCord 1980). Increase of ROS such as superoxide causes excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors by immune cells which are associated with adhesion formation post-surgical (Fortin et al.2015).
Associations between HbA1c-derived estimated average glucose and fasting plasma glucose in patients with normal and abnormal hemoglobin patterns
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Wilaiwan Sriwimol, Phattanapong Choosongsang, Pensiri Choosongsang, Warakorn Petkliang, Pittaya Treerut
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in normal glucose metabolism [1]. Intensive glycemic control is important to reduce the risk of long-term complications [1,2]. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) are well-known blood tests used to monitor glycemic status. The HbA1c molecule is formed from the attachment of glucose to the N-terminal valine residue of the hemoglobin β-chain through a non-enzymatic reaction [3]. The HbA1c formation rate is directly proportional to the blood glucose level, and the HbA1c test reflects the average glucose value over the previous two to three months [4]. The HbA1c measurement is widely accepted as the gold standard for monitoring long-term glycemic control, and it is recommended that diabetic patients should have their HbA1c level checked at least two times per year. Currently, there are several analytical methods for HbA1c measurement in clinical laboratories, all with different advantages and limitations [5]. The accuracy of each test may be affected by various pathological conditions such as thalassemia or abnormal hemoglobin levels [6].