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Diet and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
We need energy for all bodily functions and activities. How much energy a person needs from their food depends on their age, weight, sex and levels of physical activity. Energy is stored and transported in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Glycogen contains many of these molecules along with glucose. Glucose also stores chemical energy. We store glycogen in body cells, especially in the liver and muscles. When these stores are full, excess glucose is stored as fat in the body’s adipose tissue. When we need immediate energy, glycogen is broken down to release glucose which is metabolised (chemically changed) to release energy. When glycogen stores are depleted, we break down and metabolise the body’s fat and protein to release energy.
Muscle Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Kourosh Rezania, Peter Pytel, Betty Soliven
Glycogen is the main source of carbohydrates in the muscle; it is formed by a core protein called glycogenin and multiple branches of glucose chains. The concerted action of multiple enzymes is required for the synthesis, maturation, and degradation of the glycogen molecule. Several inherited disorders of glycogen metabolism (also called glycogenoses or glycogen storage diseases) have been described (Figure 27.16). Acid maltase deficiency and McArdle's disease are typical examples that present predominantly with weakness and exercise intolerance, respectively. The most common forms of glycogenoses associated with muscle involvement will be discussed in the next sections.
Endocrinology and gonads
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
11.20. Low blood glucose may be found inlow birth weight for gestational age infants.Cushing syndrome.glycogen storage disease.galactosaemia.alcohol ingestion.
Platelet glycogenolysis is important for energy production and function
Published in Platelets, 2023
Kanakanagavalli Shravani Prakhya, Hemendra Vekaria, Daniёlle M. Coenen, Linda Omali, Joshua Lykins, Smita Joshi, Hammodah R. Alfar, Qing Jun Wang, Patrick Sullivan, Sidney W. Whiteheart
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored in tissues, such as the liver and muscle that is metabolized during high energy demand.1 Platelets are one of the most metabolically flexible cells in circulation.2 They are known to switch their energy production between basal Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation (TCA/OxPhos) and aerobic glycolysis depending on oxygen tension, the availability of substrates, and their activation state.2,3 Platelets have considerable metabolizable glycogen stores, equivalent to those of skeletal muscle.4 Deleting the two major glucose transporters, GLUT1 and 3 decreases total platelet glycogen, suggesting that the stores are dynamic.5 Active enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis (glycogen synthase kinase) and breakdown (glycogen phosphorylase) are present in platelets indicating the potential for dynamic glycogen metabolism.4 Despite these insights, the functional importance of glycogen granules in specific platelet functions (activation, secretion, aggregation, and contraction) is unclear.
Rutaecarpine enhances the anti-diabetic activity and hepatic distribution of metformin via up-regulation of Oct1 in diabetic rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Xian-Mei Song, Bing-Jie Li, Yan-Yan Zhang, Wen-Jing Ge, She-Feng Zhang, Wei-Feng Cui, Geng-Sheng Li, Rui-Feng Liang
The FBG, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and hepatic glycogen contents in diabetic rats are shown in Figure 2. The levels of FBG, insulin, and HOMA-IR in the DM groups increased significantly compared with that of the NC group but significantly decreased by metformin alone or co-administered with rutaecarpine. Furthermore, the levels of FBG, insulin, and HOMA-IR in the group treated with metformin plus rutaecarpine were slightly lower than that of the rats in the group treated with metformin alone. Glycogen is the major storage form of glucose, inhibition of hepatic glycogen degradation can reduce glucose production. The hepatic glycogen contents of the DM group decreased significantly compared to the control group but increased significantly following administration of metformin and rutaecarpine alone or in combination. These results indicated that the combination of metformin and rutaecarpine improved the insulin sensitivity and hepatic glycogen contents more effectively than metformin treatment alone in diabetic rats.
Antioxidant and antifatigue effect of a standardized fraction (HemoHIM) from Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Da-Ae Kwon, Yong Sang Kim, Seul-Ki Kim, Sin Hwa Baek, Hyun Kyu Kim, Hak Sung Lee
Glycogen is a complex glucose polymer that acts as a storage form for glucose in skeletal muscles and in the liver. Glycogen and glucose are energy source accessed during exercise. A reduction in blood glucose leads to physical fatigue, while increased glycogen level in the liver and muscle enhances endurance during exhaustive exercise (Wang et al. 2008). Glycogen is used in anaerobic exercise of muscle, but glycogen accumulation in liver and muscle increases exercise efficiency because glycogen produces oxalo-acetic acid to aid in efficient oxidation of fatty acids during aerobic exercise (Coyle et al. 1986). Because glycogen is required to maintain adequate blood glucose level, it is an important index of fatigue. In the HemoHIM groups, serum glucose was significantly higher than that in the control group. In addition, muscle glycogen content was significantly higher in the HemoHIM groups than it was in the control group.