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Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Lipoprotein Disorders and other Metabolic Diseases
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Liver glycogen is the major body store of carbohydrate for rapid release as glucose. Hormonal control of hepatic glycogenolysis = insulin, glucagon, catecholamines and cortisol. During fasting, insulin levels are low and glucagon levels are high, which stimulates glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis occurs using the gluconeogenic substrates alanine, glutamine, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol (Figure 11.1). Amino acids released by proteolysis are the major source of gluconeogenic substrates.
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The anterior pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus under the neural influence of the sympathetic nervous system. ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol (hydrocortisone). Glucocorticoid receptors are widely present in most body tissues. The major functions of cortisol are: Increased gluconeogenesis.Inhibition of glucose utilisation.Fatty acid mobilisation and catabolism by muscle cells.Modification of the body’s response to injury.
Metabolism
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Gluconeogenesis is an important metabolic process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors derived from fat and protein metabolism, for example, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids. The major site for this pathway is in the cytoplasm of the liver, although it can occur in the kidney also to a limited extent (Figure 65.13).
Bioactivity and mechanisms of flavonoids in decreasing insulin resistance
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Min Zhou, William H. Konigsberg, Canhua Hao, Yinbo Pan, Jie Sun, Xiaojing Wang
Akt interacts and phosphorylates the forkhead box transcription factor (FoxO) proteins that are involved in regulating the expression of lipogenic and gluconeogenic genes, especially FoxO1 and FoxO3. Akt attenuates FoxO1 transcriptional activity by inhibiting its translocation to the nucleus, thereby reducing gluconeogenesis3,15. Gluconeogenesis is essential for glucose homeostasis and renal gluconeogenesis is one of the major pathways of endogenous glucose production. The liver, kidney, and intestine are organs that express the key gluconeogenic enzymes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase)16. PEPCK expression is markedly increased compared with FBPase and G6Pase levels under insulin-resistant conditions17. PEPCK and G6Pase have been shown to be transcriptionally regulated by a complex network of transcription factors and co-factors, including CREB (cAMP-response element binding protein), hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α and FOXO116,18.
Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Cinnamon cassia bark extracts: an in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
K. Vijayakumar, B. Prasanna, R. L. Rengarajan, A. Rathinam, S. Velayuthaprabhu, A. Vijaya Anand
Carbohydrate metabolising enzymes play an important role in the regulation of glucose level (O’Doherty et al.1999). In the present study, the glucokinase level is decreased in STZ-induced diabetic rats; this may be due to the decreasing concentration of insulin after the treatment of C. cassia, the level of glucokinase is increased. This increasing concentration of glucokinase initiates the glycolysis process, and this process reduces the glucose concentration in the blood. Glucose-6-phosphatase is another enzyme involved in the gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis process (Maiti et al.2004). In the present study, the level of glucose-6-phosphatase is increased, and this may be due to the damage of the liver by the toxin. After the treatment of C. cassia, the level of this enzyme is decreased, this may be due to the liver cell regeneration effect or the increasing concentration of insulin.
The role of resveratrol in diabetes and obesity associated with insulin resistance
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Mustafa Hoca, Eda Becer, Hafize Seda Vatansever
Hepatic gluconeogenesis plays an important role in de novo glucose synthesis for maintaining glucose homeostasis during prolonged starvation in animals. The increased rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis leads to hyperglycaemia in diabetes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by multiple enzymes, hormones and gene transcription factors (Zhang et al. 2018). Resveratrol can decrease the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in diabetic rats. Moreover, resveratrol altered carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, decreased glycogen phosphorylase while increasing glycogen synthase and liver glycogen content increased in diabetic rats (Palsamy and Subramanian 2009). It should be noted that these metabolic changes in signalling pathways were reduced hepatic glucose output and were controlled blood insulin concentration in diabetic rats.