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Insulin Resistance and Glucose Regulation
Published in Awanish Kumar, Ashwini Kumar, Diabetes, 2020
Fructose is widely found in fruits and is thus known as fruit sugar. Fructose intake from fruits largely reaches about 15–20 grams per day. This level of fructose is not deleterious for the human system but an increased consumption of HFCS and artificial fructose diets have led to an increase in metabolic syndrome giving rise to ‘diabesity’. Even turning down excess fat consumption could not prevent the increase in metabolic syndrome and thus, researchers around the globe found and proposed that marked increase in consumption of HFCS is the leading cause of the syndrome [62].
Placental origins of diabesity and the origin of preeclampsia
Published in Moshe Hod, Lois G. Jovanovic, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Alberto de Leiva, Oded Langer, Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2018
Gernot Desoye, Berthold Huppertz
Diabetes and obesity share several features such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. The term “diabesity” was coined to reflect these commonalities. The prevalence of diabesity is increasing dramatically.1,2 Especially alarming is that the percentage of overweight or obese children is now above 20% in Europe.3 Therefore, childhood obesity is one of the greatest current challenges.4 It leads to an increasing number of individuals developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic diseases early in life5 and therefore has become of considerable public health concern.3 Childhood obesity in girls increases their risk to develop diabesity prior to or within their pregnancy giving birth to offspring with again a higher risk for developing diabesity later in their life, creating a self-perpetuating situation.
Approach to the Overweight and Obese Patient
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the disease most closely associated with excess body fat. It is linked to visceral obesity and inflammation and follows the epidemic of obesity so closely that the term diabesity has been applied to this condition. Epidemiological studies using BMI have developed convincing evidence of this association. The Nurses’ Health Study of 114,000 women followed for 14 years demonstrated that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 93 times higher among women who had a BMI of 35 or higher at the start of the study than among women with BMIs lower than 22 (Colditz et al. 1995). This risk factor is well out of the range of all other obesity-associated diseases, which typically are four to six times more common in obese than lean individuals. Weight gain during adulthood also increases diabetes risk, even among women with BMIs in the healthy range, pointing to the known association of type 2 diabetes with abdominal visceral fat. The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found a similar association in men (Koh-Banerjee et al. 2004). Moderate weight loss can prevent or delay the start of diabetes in people who are at high risk (Tuomilehto et al. 2001; Knowler et al. 2002; Li et al. 2008).
Simple techniques to study multifaceted diabesity in the fly model
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Nibedita Nayak, Monalisa Mishra
Of all the metabolic disorders, diabetes is the most prevelent one and 8.3% population are affected due to diabetes and 46.3% are yet to be diagnosed (Zimmet et al. 2014). Diabetes leads complicacy like amputations, blindness, renal failure, depression, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death (Stratton et al. 2000). Diabetes can be caused either due to less production of insulin (diabetes type 1) where β cells (Beta cells) of the pancreas fail to produce the required amount of insulin for the intake of circulating glucose into the peripheral tissues (liver or muscle). Likewise diabetes may occur due to insulin resistance (diabetes type 2) where the peripheral tissues do not respond to the insulin which resulted in elevated glucose level in blood circulaton (Janghorbani et al. 2007). Obesity enhances the probability of onset of type 2 diabetes (West and Kalbfleisch 1966) since it is linked with insulin resistance (Albu and Pi-Sunyer 1998). The cytokine tumor necrosis factor or adiponectin is expressed in adipose tissue and plays a potential role in the generation of obesity-linked type 2 diabetes (Hotamisligil and Spiegelman 1994; Weyer et al. 2001). The elevated amount of visceral and ectopic fat leads to fatness or obesity. Defective lipid oxidation further elevates the risk of insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (Golay and Ybarra 2005). Diabetes and obesity are so interdependent on each other that altogether termed as a single word ‘diabesity’.
Glucagon receptor signalling – backwards and forwards
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Tongzhi Wu, Christopher K. Rayner, Chinmay S. Marathe, Karen L. Jones, Michael Horowitz
The potential for glucagon to act on hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as energy intake and expenditure, has provided the rationale for exploration of the glucagon signalling pathway as a novel target for the management of metabolic disease. The loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in type 1, and advanced type 2, diabetes has stimulated the concept of glucagon replacement to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia associated with insulin therapy. Novel pump systems, delivering both glucagon and insulin, appear to have superior efficacy and safety profiles in type 1 patients in the short term, warranting further optimization and longer-term studies in larger cohorts, perhaps also involving patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Glucagon excess is an important determinant of diabetic hyperglycemia, and several glucose-lowering agents currently used for the management of type 2 diabetes act, at least in part, by suppressing glucagon secretion or action. The development of highly specific GCGr antagonists is, therefore, intuitively appealing, but recent phase I and II trials, while confirming the benefits of GCGr antagonism for glycemic control, have also raised safety concerns. The latter probably reflect the potency of inhibition of GCGr signalling, which is likely to require adjustment to establish an optimal therapeutic window. Alternatively, GCGr antagonism could be combined with other hypoglycemic agents. In the context of weight management, glucagon agonism, rather than antagonism, is favored because of its potential for suppressing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. The development of compounds that activate GCGr for weight loss, while lowering blood glucose through other complementary pathways, represents an attractive area of research in the face of the increasing burden of ‘diabesity.’
Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein on retina photoreceptors cells primary culture and olive leaf extract and oleuropein inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in a diabetic model: Meriones shawi
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Maha Benlarbi, Hedya Jemai, Khouloud Hajri, Sihem Mbarek, Emna Amri, Mariem Jebbari, Imane Hammoun, Basma Baccouche, Nourhène Boudhrioua Mihoubi, Ayachi Zemmal, Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir, Wissal Dhifi
A high caloric diet of Meriones shawi leads to metabolic disorders which induce an increased weight and hyperglycaemia. Such modifications are the major features of type 2 diabetes, which is described as diabesity. Settaf et al. (2000) reported that, under laboratory conditions, Meriones shawi tend to develop non insulino-dependent diabetes (NIDD). According to the same authors, Meriones shawi is an excellent animal model for studying obesity.