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Dyslipidemia
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Susan Halli-Demeter, Lynne T. Braun
Some individuals have a genetic predisposition for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (Type IIa hyperlipidemia), familial combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIb hyperlipidemia), familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III hyperlipidemia), and familial hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV hyperlipidemia). Genetic testing can assist in confirming the diagnosis of FH. Other conditions, such as thyroid disease, diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, obesity, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), anorexia nervosa, autoimmune disorders (lupus and Cushing’s disease), liver disease (cirrhosis and fatty liver disease), pregnancy, and conditions that increase female hormones, can affect the lipid profile, and must be evaluated and treated. Medications can also adversely affect the lipid panel; these include corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, steroid hormones, beta blockers, amiodarone, loop and thiazide diuretics, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, antiviral therapy, immunosuppressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, retinoids, and growth hormone. Environmental factors that can contribute to dyslipidemia include a high saturated/trans-fat and/or high sugar diet, physical inactivity, physical stress, excessive alcohol, and tobacco use.
The Practice of Metabolic Medicine
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of obesity, abdominal adiposity, hypertension, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. There is still some disagreement on the exact diagnostic ranges for each of the components. A waist circumference at the umbilicus of greater than 35ʺ in women and 40ʺ in men defines abdominal adiposity (Snijder et al. 2004). The hypertension criteria should extend into the prehypertension range in order to identify all patients at possible risk. The diagnosis of dyslipidemia would encompass all hypercholesterolemias. But it should also include hypertriglyceridemias and syndromes of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). With the recent advancements in lipid laboratory analysis, even patients with abnormal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size and quantity should be considered (Friedlander et al. 2000).
Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in the Management of Dyslipidemia and Dyslipidemia-Induced Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
New treatment approaches that combine weight loss, reductions in visceral and total body fat with increases in lean muscle mass, optimal aerobic and resistance exercises, scientifically proven nutrition, and use of nutritional supplements and lipid-lowering drugs will improve serum lipids and reduce vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal vascular immune dysfunction, ED, and VSMD. In addition, both surrogate markers for vascular disease and rates of clinical endpoints such as CHD and MI are reduced in clinical trials [5]. This chapter will review nutrition, nutritional supplements, and lipid-lowering drugs in the treatment of dyslipidemia and dyslipidemia-induced vascular disease. The reader is referred to an extensive body of literature on the role of exercise, weight loss, and other lifestyle changes in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
Physical activity levels, cardiovascular risk, and self-perceived barrier to physical activity in people living with HIV in Maranhão, Brazil: a short report
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Sonny Állan Silva Bezerra, Every Lianne Monteiro Barros, Elaynne de Oliveira, Thaliane Maia Silva, Claudia Vanisse de Brito Costa, Denilson Menezes dos Santos, Mário Alves de Siqueira-Filho, Emanuel Pericles Salvador
Our initial hypothesis was that the sample would have a low HPA score and an inverse association between HPA score and cardiovascular risk. The results confirmed this association. However, this sample had a moderate HPA score. The literature (Vancampfort et al., 2018) supported by evidence that PLHIV maintaining a regular practice of physical activity can improve their physical function (Shah et al., 2018), reduce the level of body fat, improve quality of life, have an increase in the levels of VO2máx (Lopez et al., 2015), and stimulates the production of irisin, a hormone associated with alterations in body fat levels and the metabolic profile of this population (dos Santos Trombeta et al., 2017). Furthermore, regular physical activity can control HDL, LDL, and triglycerides levels, avoiding or minimizing dyslipidemia conditions (Romancini et al., 2012). These benefits associated with physical activity may explain this inverse association with cardiovascular risk.
Associations between education level, blood-lipid measurements and statin treatment in a Danish primary health care population from 2000 to 2018
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2023
Marius Mølsted Flege, Margit Kriegbaum, Henrik Løvendahl Jørgensen, Bent Struer Lind, Lise Bathum, Christen Lykkegaard Andersen, Anna Elise Engell
Several possible developments over the years can be suspected to influence the cholesterol levels, treatment, and measurement habit for dyslipidemia patients. The changes to reimbursement on statins in 2006 [26], and the expiration of the patent of atorvastatin in 2011 and simvastatin in 2006 resulting in a steep reduction in price, with both measures increasing the accessibility of treatment in Denmark. The banning of trans-fat acids in 2003 in Denmark and 2021 in the EU [27,28], was a determining factor for lower triglyceride levels especially, but also influence LDL and TC [1]. Additionally, changing views on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and dietary habits has been promoted by a plethora of campaigns over the 19-year period. Lastly changes in demographic composition regarding age, may have an influence, as TC increases for men, but decreases for women when reaching 50 years of age [5]. The differences in age and comorbidity among education groups at treatment initiation could be an indicator of intrinsic motivation to seek preventive medical screening, in addition to better health literacy unique to higher education patients. Future studies should focus on establishing and isolating mediators and confounders in the complex relation between education level and socioeconomic status and dyslipidemia, furthermore the distinction of statin treatment as either secondary or primary prevent should be taken into consideration.
Impact of red yeast rice supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Parisa Rahmani, Ebru Melekoglu, Sogand Tavakoli, Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Pejman Rohani, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the lipid-lowering effect of red yeast rice in dyslipidemic patients [20,26,27,29,32,37–39,43,57,58]. Our findings indicated a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in patients with dyslipidemia compared to non-dyslipidemic individuals. However, we found that red yeast rice was more effective in lowering triglyceride and increasing HDL-C levels in individuals without dyslipidemia. The results showed no significant effect of red yeast rice supplementation on triglyceride and HDL-C levels in dyslipidemic individuals. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Lipid-lowering statin drugs are mainly used in the treatment of hypercholesteremia and play an effective role in improving cardiovascular outcomes [59]. In recent years, it has been discussed whether monacolin K, which is found in the content of red yeast rice and is chemically identical to Lovastatin, can be an alternative to statin therapy [16,52]. According to the expert panel opinion [52], red yeast rice supplementation cannot replace statin therapy. However, they emphasized that red yeast rice may be used combined with non-statin lipid-lowering agents such as ezetimibe to help achieve treatment goals [52].