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Cholesterol/Hypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Abnormally high amounts of any or all fats in the blood, whether cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), or related compounds, is hyperlipidemia. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance produced by the liver and found in cell walls and nerves. Both cholesterol and its derivatives are important parts of healthy cell membranes, bile acids, and hormones and allow the body to produce vitamin D. High cholesterol has no signs or symptoms, but excess cholesterol forms fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries. Over time, as the cholesterol accumulates, it causes atherosclerotic plaques to form, which thicken and harden the artery walls. This is referred to as atherosclerosis. High serum cholesterol and its subtypes, especially low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which transport cholesterol to the tissues increase the risk for developing atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart attack, and ischemic stroke.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Low density lipoproteins (LDL): These particles are derived from VLDL and IDL particles and they are even further enriched in cholesterol. LDL carries the majority of the cholesterol that is in the circulation. An abundance of LDL particles is seen in association with hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and infectious and inflammatory states (112). LDL is also known as ‘bad’ cholesterol because it is associated with progression of atherosclerosis.
Dyslipidemia
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Factors that influence plasma cholesterol levels include age, gender, weight, genetics, diseases, and lifestyle factors. High cholesterol is mostly caused by diet, but heredity is also implicated. A lack of sufficient exercise can result in heart disease since LDL cholesterol levels are increased. Measuring the plasma cholesterol is a very important component of the clinical management of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. High plasma LDL cholesterol worsens left ventricular function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The effects of a high-fat diet on the liver of pregnant albino rats and their developing offspring
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abdelalim A. Gadallah, Abdullah R. Almasari
Cholesterol is a fundamental constituent of a diet rich in fats. The liver naturally produces cholesterol to support the body’s normal cellular functions. As a general aspect, HFD was shown to elevate the levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream resulting in a condition known as hypercholesterolemia, which significantly increases the development of liver steatosis [5]. Furthermore, hypercholesterolemia significantly contributes to the risk of developing atherosclerosis [6]. It had been reported that maternal hypercholesterolemia is associated with a substantial increase in the formation of fatty streaks in the arteries of human fetuses and accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis during childhood. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia induced by HFD during gestation is enough to enhance the development of hepatic lesions in the fetuses [7] and to increased postnatal atherogenesis in response to hypercholesterolemia [8].
Human ovarian granulosa cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis for LDL uptake: immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Aynur Abdulova, Merjem Purelku, Hakan Sahin, Gamze Tanrıverdi
Steroidogenesis is a complex process between multiple enzymes and substrates by which cholesterol is converted into steroid hormones. Cholesterol is stored in lipid droplets (LDs) as cholesterol esters (CEs) within the steroidogenic tissue. The cholesterol that is required for steroidogenesis which is being initiated in response to a hormonal stimulus is provided by the mobilization of these stored CEs within the cells.3 There are two different forms of cholesterol which are known as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Studies are focused on the fact that granulosa cells use the LDL-receptor (LDLR)-mediated endocytic pathway for steroid biosynthesis. LDLR is an important protein that functions to mediate the uptake of LDL cholesterol, which is a specific substrate for steroid hormone production.3–5 Many different endocytic pathways have been described in eukaryotic cells, but the main pathway for LDL transport has been reported to be the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway.6,7 However, no study that clarifies LDL internalization in human granulosa cells and whether the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway is functional in this process has yet been published.
Osthole Increases the Sensitivity of Liver Cancer to Sorafenib by Inhibiting Cholesterol Metabolism
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Ke Fan, Hui Huang, Ying Zhao, Tao Xie, Zeng-Yan Zhu, Mei-Lin Xie
Recently, some researchers believe that the metabolic abnormality of cholesterol may play an important role in the resistance mechanisms of liver cancer to drugs (13). Cholesterol is a major constituent of cell membrane and participates in the regulation of several cellular physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (14). The increment of cell membrane cholesterol can stabilize the location of P-glycoprotein on the cell membrane, thereby promoting the efflux of chemotherapeutic agents (15). On the other hand, the increment of cholesterol in mitochondria can also reduce the permeability of mitochondrial membrane, inhibit the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria, and alleviate the chemotherapy-induced cell apoptosis (16, 17). Therefore, the intervention of cholesterol metabolism may be effective for sensitization of chemotherapeutic agents (18). In the present study, we observed that in the control nude mice, the levels of TC and LDL-C in the tumor tissue were significantly higher than those in the liver tissue, suggesting that the tumor tissue has a stronger ability of cholesterol uptake. After administration of osthole or osthole combined with sorafenib, the levels of TC and LDL-C in the serum and tumor tissue were significantly reduced, while those in nude mice administered with sorafenib alone were not visibly reduced. These results suggested that the sensitization effect of osthole may be related to the reduction of cholesterol level in the tumor tissue.