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Triglycerides/Hypertriglyceridemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Triglycerides are a type of lipid, or fat, found in the blood. The body converts extra calories into triglycerides and stores them in fat cells. Untreated or uncontrolled high blood triglyceride levels increase the risk of serious complications such as coronary heart disease, cardiovascular events, and stroke. Very high blood triglycerides can also increase the risk of acute pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that causes severe pain in the abdomen.1 High triglycerides can be a sign of other comorbid conditions that increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome (also known as insulin resistance syndrome) which is a cluster of conditions that includes too much fat around the waist, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, high blood sugar, and abnormally low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels).2
Fasting
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
In a state of fasting, the hepatic glycogen is diminished in the initial 18 to 24 hours (Cahill, 1976), while the protein, which has indispensable mechanical, structural and enzymatic functions, makes up 15% of the overall total energy stores of the body. Due to these extremely important functions, the disintegration of a third to a half of the protein stock of the body is thought to be irreconcilable with life. Another place for stocking glycogen is muscles, which start lacking glucose-6-phosphatase and hence can't directly liberate glucose into the blood circulation (Saudek & Felig, 1976). Lipid in the state of triglyceride in fatty tissues gives the body the greatest and most productive energy storage and accounts for 85% of all possibly accessible calories. On average, a 70-kilogram individual requirement of basal calories could be fulfilled merely from lipid stores for around two to three months in the lack of any caloric consumption (Kerndt et al., 1982; Saudek & Felig, 1976).
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
G. Sindhu, Chithra K. Pushpan, A. Helen
Abnormal lipid levels are a cause of concern as they are an evident potential risk to various complications like heart diseases. Global Health Observatory data indicates that increased cholesterol level is attributed to one-third of ischemic heart disease. It is also mentioned that a reduction of serum cholesterol levels by 10% reduced the heart disease in men of 40 years of age and 70 years of age by 50% and 20%. Reducing the cholesterol levels has for a long time been one of the targets for prevention and cure of heart diseases. Strategies in reducing cholesterol levels in blood includes reduction in consumption of lipid-containing foods, hypolipidemic medications that include HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, bile acid binding resins, CETP inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibrates, nicotinic acid, etc. (Kramer, 2015). However, there are adverse effects from the treatment with these drugs making it challenging for clinical management of hypercholesterolemia. An important strategy in the management of hypercholesterolemia is through modification of diet and also inclusion of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Combined association of dietary fibre and cognitive function with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in older adults
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Huan Rui Zhang, Wen Tian, Guoxian Qi, Yu Jiao Sun
The sociodemographic information (age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, the ratio of income to poverty, smoking status) and medical-related information (Body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, cardiovascular and cancer) were obtained through face-to-face interviews and laboratory tests. Ethnicity was categorized into non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other Hispanic, and other race. Marital status was defined as married/with a partner, unmarried and other. Education was categorized into less than 11th grade and high-school grade and above. The ratio of income to poverty was categorized as below poverty (<1.30) and above poverty (≥1.30). Smoking status was defined as non-smoker and smoker. BMI was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by the square of height (m2). Hypertension was defined as self-reported hypertension, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or/and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or reported use of anti-hypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported diabetes, haemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose level ≥126mg/dl, or reported use of oral glucose-lowering medication or insulin. High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dl or reported use of the lipid-lowering drug. Cardiovascular disease was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack or stroke. Cancer was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of cancer.
A novel micellar carrier to reverse multidrug resistance of tumours: TPGS derivatives with end-grafted cholesterol
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Zhaowei Qi, Jia Shi, Yanzhi Song, Yihui Deng
Hydrophobic modification is the most effective way to reduce the CMC value. Cholesterol is a lipid widely present in animals, and it is indispensable for cellular functions. Cancer cells require cholesterol for rapid proliferation and accumulate high amounts of cholesterol, which either rely on upregulated cholesterol biosynthesis or enhance the uptake of cholesterol [17]. Clinical trials have also shown that cancer cells, such as prostate, breast, liver, gastric and oesophageal cancers have high cholesterol content [18–20]. Zhang et al. [21] showed that liposomes containing high cholesterol concentrations had higher tumour tissue distribution. Therefore, cholesterol acts as a target ligand. Unexpectedly, cholesterol has a high affinity for the centre of the polycyclic structure of paclitaxel and can form a stable stereo complex. Lee et al. [22] used the cholesterol-containing amphiphilic carrier material poly[(N-methyldietheneamine sebacate)-co-[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium bromide] sebacate (P(MDS-CO-CES) to prepare drug-loaded micelles with a drug-loading capacity of 14% and an encapsulation efficiency of 92% through self-assembly alone.
Reality check: lipid-oligonucleotide conjugates for therapeutic applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Lipids are often defined as fairly large bio-molecules that are soluble in nonpolar solvents, the sorts of solvents that are used to isolate such molecules from cellular membrane sources. Lipids are usually thought of as ‘natural substances,’ or as opposed to small molecules, usually discovered by medicinal chemistry, which are often made entirely from ‘unnatural’ or synthetic substances. This differentiation is based on the presumption that natural lipids are safe and nontoxic substances, whereas small molecules can only be considered safe as their dosing regimens proves them to be. Of course, these presumptions are entirely speculative. The safety of any substance, whether natural or synthetic, is a question of dose. In any case, conjugation lipophiles often are selected from the following: lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, cis-DHA acid, α-tocopherol acid, and cholesterol. It is important to note that by the chemistry of covalent attachment, these substances become different molecular entities with, though perhaps related, certainly different properties; in other words, one should resist arbitrary and potentially inaccurate modulization or compartmentalization of the molecular entities and their functions that comprise lipidated oligo conjugates.