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Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels, plays a role in sodium regulation. At the site of the kidney tubules, insulin can increase sodium reabsorption, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin. As a result, the pancreas has to secrete higher levels of insulin in order decrease blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance can be a risk factor for hypertension. For instance, when insulin resistance is present, there is serine phosphorylation of the insulin-receptor substrate-1 which then leads to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and impaired vascular relaxation (Muniyappa & Sowers, 2013). Insulin resistance is also a key factor in the development of obesity as higher insulin levels promote weight gain through multiple pathways. Given the relationship with insulin and sodium within the kidney tubules, interventions that improve insulin sensitivity and thus decrease insulin levels could help reduce blood pressure.
Metabolic Syndrome
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The cluster of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance defines metabolic syndrome with diabetes. Diagnostic criteria are somewhat under debate and there is much overlap between the definitions of the syndrome between various international organizations. When a person has metabolic syndrome, he or she is five times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Even so, only about 35% of people with metabolic syndrome develop type 2 diabetes. People with a parent or other close relative with type 2 diabetes are also at greater risk for developing metabolic syndrome, even if they are not obese. When insulin resistance is present, there are increased risks for metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Addressing metabolic syndrome in its early stages is very important regarding reducing risks of developing type 2 diabetes.
Paper 3
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Metabolic syndrome is associated with truncal obesity, high triglyceride levels, raised plasma fasting glucose, raised blood pressure and low HDL levels. Total cholesterol levels are not used to diagnose the syndrome, which is a collection of risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Insulin resistance is thought to be the underlying cause. For full diagnostic criteria see www.gpnotebook.co.uk
Study on the predictive value of serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and omentin-1 levels with gestational diabetes mellitus
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Shaoyong Cui, Xiaocui Zhu, Sen Li, Changgeng Zhang
This research demonstrated that GMD women had significantly higher levels of BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, OGTT0h, OGTT1h, and OGTT2h in the early stages of pregnancy. HDL-C levels in patients with GDM were lower than in the control group. Diabetes can lead to insulin resistance due to disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism [14]. The two complement each other, promote each other, and accelerate the decline of insulin function. Long-term effects of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance can result in premature birth, premature rupture of membranes, miscarriage, etc., and seriously put mothers and babies at risk. It is possible for insulin resistance to be exacerbated when there are problems with glucose and lipid metabolism. The two work together to complement, enhance, and hasten the loss of insulin activity. Long-term hyperglycemia and insulin resistance can result in preterm delivery, early rupture of membranes, miscarriage, and other complications, putting mothers and newborns in danger.
Effects of Complement Regulators and Chemokine Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
B Aydin Ozgur, E Coskunpinar, S Bilgic Gazioglu, A Yilmaz, Y Musteri Oltulu, B Cakmakoglu, G Deniz, AO Gurol, MT Yilmaz
Diabetes, if not kept under good control, may cause retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications (American Diabetes Association 2011; Malecki 2005; Zimmet et al. 2001). Many factors, including genetics, diet, a sedentary lifestyle, age, obesity and other conditions such as chronic inflammation or infection, can enhance insulin resistance. Diabetes mellitus is divided into two main groups: type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (King 2008). T2DM, the most common form of diabetes in the world, is a metabolic disease resulting from dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, impaired response to insulin, defect of glucose uptake in muscles. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are associated with pathogenesis of T2DM (Lin and Sun 2010).
Determination of Neurodegeneration in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Retinal Segmentation Analysis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Ender Sirakaya, Hatice Aslan Sirakaya, Esra Vural, Zeynep Duru, Hüseyin Aksoy
Affecting between 6% and 7% of women of reproductive age, polycystic ovary syndrome ranks among the most common endocrinological disorders.3,21,22 Of the various metabolic disturbances that can accompany polycystic ovary syndrome – examples include diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and impaired glucose tolerance23 – insulin resistance and obesity are the most important components in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Furthermore, insulin resistance has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.24 In epidemiological studies, a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been reported among patients with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome than among individuals without it.23,25 Although diabetes mellitus patients are excluded from this study, the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in PCOS patients is very high. The retinal findings in our study may be very early findings of diabetes mellitus before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in patients with PCOS or may be due to non-diabetes mellitus causes.